Campbell Biology Chapter 11 Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Correct Answers

Campbell Biology Chapter 11 Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Correct Answers 1) In yeast signal transduction, a yeast cell releases a mating factor, which ________. 2) Yeast cells of mating type a are genetically engineered to produce only mating factor α instead of the normal mating factor a. The gene for the mating factor receptor was unaltered. How will these engineered cells behave in terms of mating? 3) In the formation of biofilms, such as those forming on unbrushed teeth, cell signaling serves which function? 4) Which of the following is a type of local signaling in which a cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells? 5) Hormones are chemical substances produced in one organ that are released into the bloodstream and affect the function of a target organ. Which of the following conditions is required for the target organ to respond to a particular hormone? 6) In which of the following ways do plant hormones differ from hormones in animals? 7) When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway? 8) Use the following figure to answer the question. Which of the following types of signaling is represented in the figure? 9) Use the following figure to answer the question. In the figure, the dots in the space between the two structures represent which of the following? 10) Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells? 11) Which of the following statements about a G protein signaling pathway is true? 12) What is the most likely mechanism by which testosterone functions inside a cell? 13) Scientists have found that extracellular matrix components may induce specific gene expression in embryonic tissues such as the liver and testes. For this to happen, there must be direct communication between the extracellular matrix and the developing cells. Which kind of transmembrane protein would most likely be involved in this kind of induction? 14) One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane functions by forming dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does this? 15) Which of the following statements describes a likely effect of a drug designed that inhibits the cellular response to testosterone? 16) Many G protein-coupled receptors contain seven transmembrane α-helical domains. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior surface or on the cytosolic surface of the membrane. The loop on the cytosolic side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. Where would you expect to find the carboxyl end of the protein? 17) Many G protein-coupled receptors contain seven transmembrane α-helical domains. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior surface or on the cytosolic surface of the membrane. The loop on the cytosolic side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. Where would a coupled G protein most likely interact with this receptor? 18) Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane? 19) Why does testosterone, a lipid-soluble signaling molecule that crosses the membranes of all cells, affect only target cells? 20) If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system? 21) Which of the following statements is true of steroid receptors? 22) Particular receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that promote excessive cell division are found at high levels in various cancer cells. HER2 is an RTK that is present at excessively high levels in some breast cancer cells. Herceptin is a protein that binds to HER2 and inhibits cell division. Herceptin may be an effective treatment for breast cancer treatment under which of the following conditions? 23) Which of the following activities would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins? 24) The receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the cell instead of the membrane surface like most other signal receptors. How do steroids gain access to their receptors? 25) Not all intercellular signals require transduction. Which one of the following signals would be processed without transduction? 26) What does it mean to say that a signal is transduced? 27) Which of the following processes generally requires protein phosphorylation? 28) A signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins is generally associated with which of the following events? 29) Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for why an animal cell would be unable to reduce the Ca2+ concentration in its cytosol compared with the extracellular fluid? 30) How does the toxin of Vibrio cholerae cause profuse diarrhea?