week 5 NR 546 Study Guide Rated A+
1). Unipolar depression
Ans: Mood disorders manifest across a spectrum from mania to major depressive
disorder (MDD).
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25 (MDD)
2). Common symptoms of mdd
Ans: depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, irritability,
withdrawal, and problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth. Clients
with severe depression may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
3). Bipolar disorders
Ans: a chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and
ability to function. The World Mental Health Survey Initiative reported total lifetime
prevalence estimates of 2.4%
Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features.
diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a history
of one or more major depressive episodes.
high risk for suicide
4). Bipolar type i: diagnosis
Ans: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required).
Mania is characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
5). Symptoms of bipolar type i
Ans: Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed
activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive
talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation,
and a propensity to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant
functional impairment and may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
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, 6). Bipolar type ii disorder
diagnosis
Ans: requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major
depressive episode.
Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
Anger and irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are
reluctant to report these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the
client presents in the depression phase.
7). Cyclothymia:
Ans: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that
do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic episode.
8). Key point
Ans: Bipolar I depression may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD)
essential to rule out past episodes of hypomania or mania
Clients are reluctant to report mania or hypomania symptoms
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD, antidepressant therapy may precipitate a
manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression, which may contribute to the
increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults younger than 25.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
monotherapy. Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the
onset of a hypomanic or manic episode.
9). Decreased positive affect: da,ne dysfunction
symptoms
Ans: depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
10). Increased negative affect: 5ht, ne dysfunction
symptoms
Ans: depressed mood
guilt
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, fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
11). Genetics of mdd and bpd
Ans: Gene and genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes for
contributing to both MDD and BPD; however, the causes of mood disorders are complex
and likely involve interactions between genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and
social factors including:
dysfunctions in brain
imbalance of neurotransmitters
life events
abuse or trauma
substance use or medication
menstruation
season changes
12). Neural networks of mdd and bpd
Ans: The classic monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that depression occurs
as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters (serotonin,
norepinephrine, and dopamine), while mania may result from an excess; however, this
hypothesis has limitations. Stahl (2021) acknowledged that depression is more complex
than this simple theory but agrees that the monoamine hypothesis is helpful to
understand the physiological functioning of these NTs. Emphasis is now shifted from
the monoamines to their receptors and other downstream events such as the regulation
of gene expression, growth factors, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes
(Stahl, 2021).
13). Neural signaling of mdd and bpd
Ans: Three principal neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and
serotonin 5HT, have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of mood
disorders. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are monoamines. Monoamines
work in concert and comprise the monoamine neurotransmitter system. Many of the
symptoms of mood disorders are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various
combinations of the monoamine neurotransmitters. All known pharmacologic
treatments for mood disorders act upon one or more of these three neurotransmitters.
14). Symptoms in dysfunction: prefrontal cortex (pfc)
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1). Unipolar depression
Ans: Mood disorders manifest across a spectrum from mania to major depressive
disorder (MDD).
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25 (MDD)
2). Common symptoms of mdd
Ans: depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, irritability,
withdrawal, and problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth. Clients
with severe depression may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
3). Bipolar disorders
Ans: a chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and
ability to function. The World Mental Health Survey Initiative reported total lifetime
prevalence estimates of 2.4%
Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features.
diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a history
of one or more major depressive episodes.
high risk for suicide
4). Bipolar type i: diagnosis
Ans: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization due to symptoms is required).
Mania is characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
5). Symptoms of bipolar type i
Ans: Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed
activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive
talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation,
and a propensity to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant
functional impairment and may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
PaperStoc.com Page 1 of 17
, 6). Bipolar type ii disorder
diagnosis
Ans: requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major
depressive episode.
Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
Anger and irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are
reluctant to report these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the
client presents in the depression phase.
7). Cyclothymia:
Ans: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that
do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic episode.
8). Key point
Ans: Bipolar I depression may be misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD)
essential to rule out past episodes of hypomania or mania
Clients are reluctant to report mania or hypomania symptoms
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD, antidepressant therapy may precipitate a
manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression, which may contribute to the
increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults younger than 25.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
monotherapy. Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the
onset of a hypomanic or manic episode.
9). Decreased positive affect: da,ne dysfunction
symptoms
Ans: depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
10). Increased negative affect: 5ht, ne dysfunction
symptoms
Ans: depressed mood
guilt
PaperStoc.com Page 2 of 17
, fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
11). Genetics of mdd and bpd
Ans: Gene and genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes for
contributing to both MDD and BPD; however, the causes of mood disorders are complex
and likely involve interactions between genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and
social factors including:
dysfunctions in brain
imbalance of neurotransmitters
life events
abuse or trauma
substance use or medication
menstruation
season changes
12). Neural networks of mdd and bpd
Ans: The classic monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that depression occurs
as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters (serotonin,
norepinephrine, and dopamine), while mania may result from an excess; however, this
hypothesis has limitations. Stahl (2021) acknowledged that depression is more complex
than this simple theory but agrees that the monoamine hypothesis is helpful to
understand the physiological functioning of these NTs. Emphasis is now shifted from
the monoamines to their receptors and other downstream events such as the regulation
of gene expression, growth factors, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes
(Stahl, 2021).
13). Neural signaling of mdd and bpd
Ans: Three principal neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and
serotonin 5HT, have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of mood
disorders. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are monoamines. Monoamines
work in concert and comprise the monoamine neurotransmitter system. Many of the
symptoms of mood disorders are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various
combinations of the monoamine neurotransmitters. All known pharmacologic
treatments for mood disorders act upon one or more of these three neurotransmitters.
14). Symptoms in dysfunction: prefrontal cortex (pfc)
PaperStoc.com Page 3 of 17
