WGU BIOCHEMISTRY OA 2023
Bohr Effect chart (low pH) -✔ C- High CO2
H- High H+
A- Acidic
R-Release of O2(rt. Shift)
T- tense state (in tissues)
Primary structure -✔ Sequence of amino acids that make up a protein
Secondary Structure -✔ Sequence of amino acids fold.
Tertiary Structure -✔ -more folding in a 3D shape.
-R groups (side chains)
Quaternary Structure -✔ Protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain.
Chemical reaction -✔ -absorb and release energy
-activation energy
-energy is released (heat & light) when bonds are broken.
Exothermic reaction -✔ Exo=to release
Thermo=heat
-chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (as heat & light)
Example of exothermic reaction -✔ Cellular respiration- breaks down glucose to make
cellular energy
Endothermic reaction -✔ Endo=absorb
Thermos=heat
-absorbs more energy than it releases
Example of endothermic reaction -✔ Photosynthesis- takes in light to break down to
create glucose
Catalyst -✔ Substance that will decrease the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction
Enzymes -✔ -catalysts used by cells
-increase the rate of chemical reaction
-specific to substrates
Enzyme structure -✔ -they are proteins
-twist, fold, bend to final shape
-shape attracts specific molecules
Substrate -✔ Molecules that bind to the enzyme
, WGU BIOCHEMISTRY OA 2023
Active site -✔ -location on enzyme where substrate binds
Function of DNA polymerase in process of PCR. -✔ -increase expression
-2 genes
-SIRT1 & SIRT2
Function of a molecule -✔ Structural component of the lipid bilayer
How would lipid production in a cell change in order to maintain fluidity of its cell
membrane as it adapts to lower temperatures? -✔ Produce lipids with shorter fatty acid
chains
Function of cholesterol -✔ Maintains membrane fluidity
Lipid (fat) soluble vitamins -✔ A, D, E, K
What stimulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids? -✔ An increase in NAD+ concentration in
the mitochondrial matrix
What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbs and high
levels of fats? -✔ Acetone is produced in the blood
Amino acids -✔ -Non-polar (hydrophobic)
-Polar charged
-Polar uncharged
Which type of mammalian DNA damage repair requires the presence of the
chromosome that is homologous to the damaged chromosome? -✔ Recombination
Xeroxerma Pigmentosum (XP) -✔ A recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or
more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional
Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general
population? -✔ The mutation of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair.
Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the
completion of 4 complete PCR cycles? -✔ 16
What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? -✔ It recognizes the
primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence.
What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 & SIRT2 genes in people addicted to
cocaine increases their expression? -✔ The nucleosomes become more widely spaced.
Bohr Effect chart (low pH) -✔ C- High CO2
H- High H+
A- Acidic
R-Release of O2(rt. Shift)
T- tense state (in tissues)
Primary structure -✔ Sequence of amino acids that make up a protein
Secondary Structure -✔ Sequence of amino acids fold.
Tertiary Structure -✔ -more folding in a 3D shape.
-R groups (side chains)
Quaternary Structure -✔ Protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain.
Chemical reaction -✔ -absorb and release energy
-activation energy
-energy is released (heat & light) when bonds are broken.
Exothermic reaction -✔ Exo=to release
Thermo=heat
-chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (as heat & light)
Example of exothermic reaction -✔ Cellular respiration- breaks down glucose to make
cellular energy
Endothermic reaction -✔ Endo=absorb
Thermos=heat
-absorbs more energy than it releases
Example of endothermic reaction -✔ Photosynthesis- takes in light to break down to
create glucose
Catalyst -✔ Substance that will decrease the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction
Enzymes -✔ -catalysts used by cells
-increase the rate of chemical reaction
-specific to substrates
Enzyme structure -✔ -they are proteins
-twist, fold, bend to final shape
-shape attracts specific molecules
Substrate -✔ Molecules that bind to the enzyme
, WGU BIOCHEMISTRY OA 2023
Active site -✔ -location on enzyme where substrate binds
Function of DNA polymerase in process of PCR. -✔ -increase expression
-2 genes
-SIRT1 & SIRT2
Function of a molecule -✔ Structural component of the lipid bilayer
How would lipid production in a cell change in order to maintain fluidity of its cell
membrane as it adapts to lower temperatures? -✔ Produce lipids with shorter fatty acid
chains
Function of cholesterol -✔ Maintains membrane fluidity
Lipid (fat) soluble vitamins -✔ A, D, E, K
What stimulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids? -✔ An increase in NAD+ concentration in
the mitochondrial matrix
What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbs and high
levels of fats? -✔ Acetone is produced in the blood
Amino acids -✔ -Non-polar (hydrophobic)
-Polar charged
-Polar uncharged
Which type of mammalian DNA damage repair requires the presence of the
chromosome that is homologous to the damaged chromosome? -✔ Recombination
Xeroxerma Pigmentosum (XP) -✔ A recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or
more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional
Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general
population? -✔ The mutation of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair.
Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the
completion of 4 complete PCR cycles? -✔ 16
What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? -✔ It recognizes the
primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence.
What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 & SIRT2 genes in people addicted to
cocaine increases their expression? -✔ The nucleosomes become more widely spaced.
