BIOS 255 Midterm Review Exam Questions with Verified
Answers.
Pulmonary Circulation - flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systemic Circulation - flow of oxygenated blood to the whole body
Location of the Heart - In the mediastinum, between the lungs, with its apex pointing to the
LEFT of midline
Pericardium - Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart which anchors and protects
it.
Fibrous Pericardium - Most superficial layer of the pericardium, composed of connective
tissue
Serous Pericardium - Membrane consisting of a visceral and parietal layer
Parietal Pericardium - Lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral Pericardium - Lines external surface of the heart. AKA the Pericardium
Pericardium - Outermost layer of the heart, AKA visceral pericardium
Myocardium - Muscle layer of the heart
Endocardium - lines innermost surfaces of the four chambers
Atria - Two superior chambers of the heart
Ventricles - Two inferior chambers of the heart
Pectinase Muscles - Muscular ridges/folds of the atria
Trabecular Carnie - muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles
Papillary Muscles - responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the
chordae tendineae
Chordae Tendineae - thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and
prevent them from inverting
Blood flow through the body - SVC/IVC/CS
R Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
R Ventricle
Pulmonary SL Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
L Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
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, L Ventricle
Aortic SL Valve
Aorta
Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart - -framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
-provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue
-electrical insulation between atria and ventricles > important in timing and coordination of
contractile activity
Ligamentous Arteriosum - Remnant of Ducts Arteriosus of fetal heart
Fossa Ovals - Remnant of Foramen Ovule of fetal heart
R Coronary Artery - Splits into Marginal Branch anteriorly at the R ventricle, and posteriorly
at the Posterior Interventricular Branch
L Coronary Artery - Immediately splits into Anterior Interventricular Artery anteriorly and
Circumflex posteriorly
Coronary Veins - Great Cardiac Vein: Runs with anterior interventricular artery
Middle Cardiac Vein: Runs with posterior interventricular artery
Small Cardiac Vein: Runs with Marginal artery (remember, they both mean small!)
The electrical conduction system of the heart in order - 1. Sino atrial (SA) Node
2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node
3. Atrioventricular Bundle/Bundle of HIS
4. L & R Bundle Branches
5. Purkinje Fibers
ATP production in the heart - Comes from anaerobic glycolysis and creative phosphate
P wave - Atrial depolarization (contraction)
QRS Complex - Ventricular depolarization (contraction)
S wave - Peak of ventricular depolarization
S-T Segment - Plateau--entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized
T-wave - Ventricular repolarization
Order of contraction - Both atria are rapidly contracted and relaxed followed by the same in
the ventricles
LUB sound - AV valves closing
DUB sound - semilunar valves closing
Systole - contraction
Diastole - relaxation
Cardiac Output - The volume of blood ejected from one ventricle of the heart in one minute.
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Answers.
Pulmonary Circulation - flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systemic Circulation - flow of oxygenated blood to the whole body
Location of the Heart - In the mediastinum, between the lungs, with its apex pointing to the
LEFT of midline
Pericardium - Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart which anchors and protects
it.
Fibrous Pericardium - Most superficial layer of the pericardium, composed of connective
tissue
Serous Pericardium - Membrane consisting of a visceral and parietal layer
Parietal Pericardium - Lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral Pericardium - Lines external surface of the heart. AKA the Pericardium
Pericardium - Outermost layer of the heart, AKA visceral pericardium
Myocardium - Muscle layer of the heart
Endocardium - lines innermost surfaces of the four chambers
Atria - Two superior chambers of the heart
Ventricles - Two inferior chambers of the heart
Pectinase Muscles - Muscular ridges/folds of the atria
Trabecular Carnie - muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles
Papillary Muscles - responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the
chordae tendineae
Chordae Tendineae - thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and
prevent them from inverting
Blood flow through the body - SVC/IVC/CS
R Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
R Ventricle
Pulmonary SL Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
L Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Page 1|8
, L Ventricle
Aortic SL Valve
Aorta
Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart - -framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
-provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue
-electrical insulation between atria and ventricles > important in timing and coordination of
contractile activity
Ligamentous Arteriosum - Remnant of Ducts Arteriosus of fetal heart
Fossa Ovals - Remnant of Foramen Ovule of fetal heart
R Coronary Artery - Splits into Marginal Branch anteriorly at the R ventricle, and posteriorly
at the Posterior Interventricular Branch
L Coronary Artery - Immediately splits into Anterior Interventricular Artery anteriorly and
Circumflex posteriorly
Coronary Veins - Great Cardiac Vein: Runs with anterior interventricular artery
Middle Cardiac Vein: Runs with posterior interventricular artery
Small Cardiac Vein: Runs with Marginal artery (remember, they both mean small!)
The electrical conduction system of the heart in order - 1. Sino atrial (SA) Node
2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node
3. Atrioventricular Bundle/Bundle of HIS
4. L & R Bundle Branches
5. Purkinje Fibers
ATP production in the heart - Comes from anaerobic glycolysis and creative phosphate
P wave - Atrial depolarization (contraction)
QRS Complex - Ventricular depolarization (contraction)
S wave - Peak of ventricular depolarization
S-T Segment - Plateau--entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized
T-wave - Ventricular repolarization
Order of contraction - Both atria are rapidly contracted and relaxed followed by the same in
the ventricles
LUB sound - AV valves closing
DUB sound - semilunar valves closing
Systole - contraction
Diastole - relaxation
Cardiac Output - The volume of blood ejected from one ventricle of the heart in one minute.
Page 2|8
