68W ALC Phase 3, LPC Exam 345 Questions with
Answers 2024 Update.
1. Pharmacology - ANS study of substances that interact with living organisms
through chemical processes
2. Medical pharmacology - ANS science of substances used to prevent, diagnose
and treat disease
3. Indication - ANS reason or condition for which a particular medication is given
4. Dose - ANS amount of medication given within a specified period of time
5. Single dose - ANS amount of medication administered at one time
6. Maximum dose - ANS the largest amount of medication either as a single dose or
within a period of time
7. Cumulative dose - ANS sum of all single doses over either a lifetime or a period
of time
8. Strength - ANS amount of medication contained per tablet, capsule, suppository,
etc.
9. Titration - ANS administering a medication with variable strength, interval, and
quantity to achieve and maintain a desired observable physiological effect (pain
ctrl)
10. Contraindication - ANS medical reason not to give a medication
11. Absolute contraindication - ANS medical reason to NEVER give a medication
12. Relative contraindication - ANS medical reason a medication should not be
given, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances
13. Allergy - ANS immune response in which there is a hypersensitivity response
induced by exposure to a particular medication
14. Side effect - ANS unintended, but not surprising consequence of a medication
which may require a medication dose be changed or discontinued
15. Therapeutic effect - ANS desired change in physiology for administering the
medication
16. Therapeutic level - ANS blood level of a medication required to achieve the
therapeutic effect
17. Toxic level - ANS blood level of a medication which will cause tissue damage
18. Therapeutic range - ANS variable blood levels of a medication between the
therapeutic level and the toxic level
19. Therapeutic window - ANS range of acceptable DOSAGES of a medication
needed to keep blood levels within the therapeutic range
,23. Steady state - ANS relatively constant blood level of medication which is
sustained after 5-6 half lives of a medication
24. Tolerance - ANS when the body has adapted to having a medication regularly
and now requires a higher or more frequent doses to achieve the therapeutic
effect
25. Resistance - ANS when infectious organisms adapt to antibiotics and it takes
either higher doses of same medication or a change to a different medication to
kill the organisms
26. Metabolism - ANS process of the body to break down and eliminate medications
most metabolized by the liver or kidneys
27. Dosing interval - ANS recommended time period between doses of a medication
28. Onset - ANS time until a medication's therapeutic effect begins
29. Duration of effect - ANS time until the medication's therapeutic effect wears off
30. Duration of therapy - ANS length of time a course of medication is continued to
ensure the desired effect is maintained
31. Dosing parameters - ANS the limitations, considerations, and instructions
required regarding a medication; helps achieve the desired physiological
response minimize side effects
32. Body weight, Comorbidities, Age - ANS what are factors that affect dosing
33. Importance for patients to understand dosing parameters - ANS -too little: not
achieve therapeutic effects
34. -too much: increased side effects/toxic levels
35. Antibiotics - ANS Medications which kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria
36. Gram Stain Testing - ANS Categorizes bacteria classification based upon
chemical properties in the cell's membrane.
37. Gram positive - ANS indicates the presence of peptidoglycan
38. Peptidoglycan - ANS the substance that forms a tough, rigid structure of the
bacterium cell wall
39. Gram Negative - ANS the cell membrane outer structure consists of a
cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
40. Aerobic - ANS bacteria that thrives only in an oxygen environment
41. Anaerobic - ANS bacteria that grow well in the absence of oxygen
42. Viruses and fungi - ANS Antibiotics are not effective on what?
43. Sexually or asexually - ANS How do fungi reproduce
44. Penicillin - ANS Effective against gram positive aerobic organisms
, 48. 4th Gen Cephalosporin - ANS Effective against both gram positive and negative
bacteria
49. Cephalosporin - ANS Patients with allergies to PCN's have 10-20% risk of being
allergic to...
50. Macrolides - ANS Stimulates motile receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and
may cause diarrhea.
51. Tetracyclines - ANS Inhibit growth of bacteria therefore works slowly; possess
anti-inflammatory effect; don't use on children or pregnant women
52. Quinolones - ANS Long term use may have increased risk of spontaneous
tendon rupture
53. Sulfonamides - ANS Sulfa based, broad spectrum antibiotic; effective against
MRSA
54. Nitrofurantoin (Macro bid) - ANS Safer than most antibiotics; Pregnancy
Category B
55. Tine curries - ANS jock itch
56. Tine corpus - ANS ring worm
57. Undecylenic Acid - ANS Army foot powder
58. Tine pedals - ANS athlete’s foot
59. Liver - ANS Where is Tylenol metabolized at?
60. N - Acetyl cysteine (Muconyst) - ANS what is the antidote for Tylenol?
61. Paracetamol - ANS Tylenol may be labeled an in Europe or Asia
62. Reduce 1-2 points - ANS How much will NSAIDS help in regards to the pain
scale of 1-10
63. COX-1 - ANS Can lead to gastric ulcers; Ex. Naprosyn
64. COX-2 - ANS Decreases inflammation only; Ex. Mobic
65. Corticosteroids - ANS Stimulate cortisol, an anti-inflammatory steroid produced in
the adrenal glands
66. Class 1 (strongest) to class 7 (weakest) - ANS How are topical steroids
categorized
67. Short Acting Beta Agonists - ANS Rapidly open the bronchi and are useful in
acute cases such as asthma attacks
68. Long Acting Beta Agonists - ANS Slow onset and longer duration; usually
compounded for treatment of chronic asthma
Answers 2024 Update.
1. Pharmacology - ANS study of substances that interact with living organisms
through chemical processes
2. Medical pharmacology - ANS science of substances used to prevent, diagnose
and treat disease
3. Indication - ANS reason or condition for which a particular medication is given
4. Dose - ANS amount of medication given within a specified period of time
5. Single dose - ANS amount of medication administered at one time
6. Maximum dose - ANS the largest amount of medication either as a single dose or
within a period of time
7. Cumulative dose - ANS sum of all single doses over either a lifetime or a period
of time
8. Strength - ANS amount of medication contained per tablet, capsule, suppository,
etc.
9. Titration - ANS administering a medication with variable strength, interval, and
quantity to achieve and maintain a desired observable physiological effect (pain
ctrl)
10. Contraindication - ANS medical reason not to give a medication
11. Absolute contraindication - ANS medical reason to NEVER give a medication
12. Relative contraindication - ANS medical reason a medication should not be
given, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances
13. Allergy - ANS immune response in which there is a hypersensitivity response
induced by exposure to a particular medication
14. Side effect - ANS unintended, but not surprising consequence of a medication
which may require a medication dose be changed or discontinued
15. Therapeutic effect - ANS desired change in physiology for administering the
medication
16. Therapeutic level - ANS blood level of a medication required to achieve the
therapeutic effect
17. Toxic level - ANS blood level of a medication which will cause tissue damage
18. Therapeutic range - ANS variable blood levels of a medication between the
therapeutic level and the toxic level
19. Therapeutic window - ANS range of acceptable DOSAGES of a medication
needed to keep blood levels within the therapeutic range
,23. Steady state - ANS relatively constant blood level of medication which is
sustained after 5-6 half lives of a medication
24. Tolerance - ANS when the body has adapted to having a medication regularly
and now requires a higher or more frequent doses to achieve the therapeutic
effect
25. Resistance - ANS when infectious organisms adapt to antibiotics and it takes
either higher doses of same medication or a change to a different medication to
kill the organisms
26. Metabolism - ANS process of the body to break down and eliminate medications
most metabolized by the liver or kidneys
27. Dosing interval - ANS recommended time period between doses of a medication
28. Onset - ANS time until a medication's therapeutic effect begins
29. Duration of effect - ANS time until the medication's therapeutic effect wears off
30. Duration of therapy - ANS length of time a course of medication is continued to
ensure the desired effect is maintained
31. Dosing parameters - ANS the limitations, considerations, and instructions
required regarding a medication; helps achieve the desired physiological
response minimize side effects
32. Body weight, Comorbidities, Age - ANS what are factors that affect dosing
33. Importance for patients to understand dosing parameters - ANS -too little: not
achieve therapeutic effects
34. -too much: increased side effects/toxic levels
35. Antibiotics - ANS Medications which kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria
36. Gram Stain Testing - ANS Categorizes bacteria classification based upon
chemical properties in the cell's membrane.
37. Gram positive - ANS indicates the presence of peptidoglycan
38. Peptidoglycan - ANS the substance that forms a tough, rigid structure of the
bacterium cell wall
39. Gram Negative - ANS the cell membrane outer structure consists of a
cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
40. Aerobic - ANS bacteria that thrives only in an oxygen environment
41. Anaerobic - ANS bacteria that grow well in the absence of oxygen
42. Viruses and fungi - ANS Antibiotics are not effective on what?
43. Sexually or asexually - ANS How do fungi reproduce
44. Penicillin - ANS Effective against gram positive aerobic organisms
, 48. 4th Gen Cephalosporin - ANS Effective against both gram positive and negative
bacteria
49. Cephalosporin - ANS Patients with allergies to PCN's have 10-20% risk of being
allergic to...
50. Macrolides - ANS Stimulates motile receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and
may cause diarrhea.
51. Tetracyclines - ANS Inhibit growth of bacteria therefore works slowly; possess
anti-inflammatory effect; don't use on children or pregnant women
52. Quinolones - ANS Long term use may have increased risk of spontaneous
tendon rupture
53. Sulfonamides - ANS Sulfa based, broad spectrum antibiotic; effective against
MRSA
54. Nitrofurantoin (Macro bid) - ANS Safer than most antibiotics; Pregnancy
Category B
55. Tine curries - ANS jock itch
56. Tine corpus - ANS ring worm
57. Undecylenic Acid - ANS Army foot powder
58. Tine pedals - ANS athlete’s foot
59. Liver - ANS Where is Tylenol metabolized at?
60. N - Acetyl cysteine (Muconyst) - ANS what is the antidote for Tylenol?
61. Paracetamol - ANS Tylenol may be labeled an in Europe or Asia
62. Reduce 1-2 points - ANS How much will NSAIDS help in regards to the pain
scale of 1-10
63. COX-1 - ANS Can lead to gastric ulcers; Ex. Naprosyn
64. COX-2 - ANS Decreases inflammation only; Ex. Mobic
65. Corticosteroids - ANS Stimulate cortisol, an anti-inflammatory steroid produced in
the adrenal glands
66. Class 1 (strongest) to class 7 (weakest) - ANS How are topical steroids
categorized
67. Short Acting Beta Agonists - ANS Rapidly open the bronchi and are useful in
acute cases such as asthma attacks
68. Long Acting Beta Agonists - ANS Slow onset and longer duration; usually
compounded for treatment of chronic asthma
