Fresenius Exam (End of Training) Questions with
Verified Solutions.
What are the anatomical structures in ORDER of urine flow? - ANS 2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urethra
1 Bladder
What is a nephron? - ANS It is a tubular structure that filters blood to form urine.
What is the functional unit of the Kidney? - ANS nephron
What is the nephron composed of? - ANS glomerulus (tangled cluster of capillaries
surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule)
7 Functions of the kidney - ANS A- acid/base balance maintenance
W- Water balance maintenance
E- Electrolyte balance
T- Toxin removal
B- Blood pressure regulation
E- Erythropoietin production
D- Vitamin D metabolism
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ANS •Remove waste products
•Regulate (Synthesis): Fluid balance, electrolytes, and acid base balance
•Endocrine/Enzyme: secrete erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow) and Releases
Renin (when released increases blood pressure)
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate), & How many stages? - ANS •GFR describes
the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
•5 Stages (ranging from 1 being healthy to 5 being the worst)
What are the types of Kidney failure? - ANS •ARF (Acute renal failure)
•AKI (Acute kidney injury)
•CRF (Chronic renal failure)
What are the stages of Kidney failure? (Based on the types) - ANS •ARF (acute renal
failure): sudden onset, usually reversible
•AKI (acute kidney injury)
•CRF (chronic kidney failure): slow onset, progressive, permanent
What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)? - ANS Inherited defect leading to bilateral
enlarged kidneys with cysts
What are the signs and symptoms of renal failure? - ANS •signs: anemia, fluid overload,
SOB, edema, hypertension, proteinuria (protein found in urine), and yellow-gray
appearance of the skin.
, •signs and symptoms: fatigue, decreased energy levels, SOB
Which functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ANS •Removal of waste
products
•Regulation of fluid.
What are the three types of treatments for End of stage renal disease? - ANS 1:
hemodialysis: uses an access to draw blood, sends it to the dialyzer then into the
semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes the waste through filtration and
ultrafiltration removes the fluid.
2: peritoneal dialysis: 2 types both use a permanently placed catheter in the patient's
peritoneal cavity.
3: Transplantation: a working kidney surgically implanted
What is the difference between Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)? - ANS
HD: outpatient setting using an artificial kidney (dialyzer) to removes waste from
patients’ blood. Fluid removal done through Ultrafiltration (UF), usually last 3-4 hours
dialyze 3 times a week
PD: done in the patient’s home, peritoneal membrane that filters waste, performed daily
by completing several exchanges during the day or could be done during sleep hours.
When is it known that a patient has developed a sensitivity to a dialyzer? - ANS Patients
develop mild to severe reactions (rash, pain at site, hives, and fever) or "First Use"
syndrome due to inadequate rinsing.
Blood specific alarms? - ANS Blood leak
Air Detector
Venous pressure
Arterial pressure
TMP
Dialysate specific alarms? - ANS Conductivity (high) - Crenation
Conductivity (low) - hemolysis
Temperature: high or low
Body Fluid Compartments - ANS •intracellular: inside the cell
•extracellular: outside the cell
•intravascular: inside the blood vessels
•interstitial: in between the cells
Diffusion - ANS movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration
Osmosis - ANS Movement of fluid from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
Ultrafiltration - ANS Uses both negative and positive pressure to remove excess fluid.
Why is the water used for dialysis treated? - ANS Because the Water contains
contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities and they must be removed to protect the
patient from harm.
Verified Solutions.
What are the anatomical structures in ORDER of urine flow? - ANS 2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urethra
1 Bladder
What is a nephron? - ANS It is a tubular structure that filters blood to form urine.
What is the functional unit of the Kidney? - ANS nephron
What is the nephron composed of? - ANS glomerulus (tangled cluster of capillaries
surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule)
7 Functions of the kidney - ANS A- acid/base balance maintenance
W- Water balance maintenance
E- Electrolyte balance
T- Toxin removal
B- Blood pressure regulation
E- Erythropoietin production
D- Vitamin D metabolism
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ANS •Remove waste products
•Regulate (Synthesis): Fluid balance, electrolytes, and acid base balance
•Endocrine/Enzyme: secrete erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow) and Releases
Renin (when released increases blood pressure)
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate), & How many stages? - ANS •GFR describes
the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
•5 Stages (ranging from 1 being healthy to 5 being the worst)
What are the types of Kidney failure? - ANS •ARF (Acute renal failure)
•AKI (Acute kidney injury)
•CRF (Chronic renal failure)
What are the stages of Kidney failure? (Based on the types) - ANS •ARF (acute renal
failure): sudden onset, usually reversible
•AKI (acute kidney injury)
•CRF (chronic kidney failure): slow onset, progressive, permanent
What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)? - ANS Inherited defect leading to bilateral
enlarged kidneys with cysts
What are the signs and symptoms of renal failure? - ANS •signs: anemia, fluid overload,
SOB, edema, hypertension, proteinuria (protein found in urine), and yellow-gray
appearance of the skin.
, •signs and symptoms: fatigue, decreased energy levels, SOB
Which functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ANS •Removal of waste
products
•Regulation of fluid.
What are the three types of treatments for End of stage renal disease? - ANS 1:
hemodialysis: uses an access to draw blood, sends it to the dialyzer then into the
semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes the waste through filtration and
ultrafiltration removes the fluid.
2: peritoneal dialysis: 2 types both use a permanently placed catheter in the patient's
peritoneal cavity.
3: Transplantation: a working kidney surgically implanted
What is the difference between Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)? - ANS
HD: outpatient setting using an artificial kidney (dialyzer) to removes waste from
patients’ blood. Fluid removal done through Ultrafiltration (UF), usually last 3-4 hours
dialyze 3 times a week
PD: done in the patient’s home, peritoneal membrane that filters waste, performed daily
by completing several exchanges during the day or could be done during sleep hours.
When is it known that a patient has developed a sensitivity to a dialyzer? - ANS Patients
develop mild to severe reactions (rash, pain at site, hives, and fever) or "First Use"
syndrome due to inadequate rinsing.
Blood specific alarms? - ANS Blood leak
Air Detector
Venous pressure
Arterial pressure
TMP
Dialysate specific alarms? - ANS Conductivity (high) - Crenation
Conductivity (low) - hemolysis
Temperature: high or low
Body Fluid Compartments - ANS •intracellular: inside the cell
•extracellular: outside the cell
•intravascular: inside the blood vessels
•interstitial: in between the cells
Diffusion - ANS movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration
Osmosis - ANS Movement of fluid from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
Ultrafiltration - ANS Uses both negative and positive pressure to remove excess fluid.
Why is the water used for dialysis treated? - ANS Because the Water contains
contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities and they must be removed to protect the
patient from harm.
