Nur 2063 Patho Final Exam, Complete Solution

Nur 2063 Patho Final Exam, Complete Solution flight or fight response Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat and protect vital organs Hormones released in response to stress Cortisol, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) GAS (general adaptation syndrome) Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Ribosome Makes proteins Hormone that raises blood sugar glucagon Glucagon A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. Main function of the endocrine system Regulates all biological processes in the body. Metabolism, growth and development, sexual function and reproduction, heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleeping and waking cycles Function of plasma proteins Help to maintain fluid balance, transport various substances in the blood, play a crucial role in the immune system and are involved in blood clotting intracellular contains high __________________________ (electrolyte) Potassium Hyponatremia deficient sodium in the blood (less than 135) Causes of Hyponatremia Excessive H2O intake, renal failure, addisons disease, Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia lethargy, weakness, headache, muscle cramps, diminished tendon reflexes, poor skin turgor, tachycardia, increased urine output Hypovolemia Decreased blood volume. Fluid deficit of the intravascular compartment. S/S: AMS, hypotension, tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, oliguria, excess thirst, dry mouth and skin Hypovolemia causes Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin, excess diuretics What stores electrolytes? The Kidneys Contraindication a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised Normal sodium range 135-145 mEq/L Fluid volume overload - Hypervolemia-excess fluid in intracellular fluid, interstitial, and intravascular spaces. - Risk factors: renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, excessive sodium intake, excessive administration of IV fluids, corticosteroids S/S of fluid volume overload rapid/bounding pulse, distended neck veins, HTN, cough, SOB, crackles, HA, restlessness, peripheral or pitting edema insensible water loss the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing Hypotonic solutions Intravascular solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than that found in the intravascular compartment. Hypertonic solutions intravascular solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular compartment Isotonic solutions and intravascular solution that has concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular solution Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Normal blood pH 7.35-7.45 An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with what? A deficiency in water acid-base balance Lungs (respiratory) excrete/expel carbon dioxide through expiration to prevent an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood Kidneys (metabolic) excrete/eliminate hydrogen ions through urination and generate bicarb to maintain blood pH Manifestations of metabolic acidosis headache, confusion, drowsiness, increased respiratory rate and depth, decreased blood pressure, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, shock; loss of appetite; vomiting Sepsis toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection What causes warmth and redness during cellulitis infection? Loss of function, swelling, pain, infectino of the cells. Histamine a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) overwhelming inflammatory response in the absence of infection causing relative hypovolemia and decreased tissue perfusion Anaphylaxis S/S -Itching -Hives -swelling -flushing -warm tingling -tightness in throat and chest -cough -rapid, labored, noisy breathing -hoarseness -wheezing -itchy, watery eyes, runny nose -sense on impending doom passive immunity the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. Ex. Mom to baby through placenta or breastfeeding Autoimmune disease a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and organs of a person's own body Monocyte WBC, type of neutrophil that resides in the blood and tissues and function to find and destroy invaders Neutrophil A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Macrophages Innate immune cells that sense and respond to pathogens and other environmental challenges and participate in tissue repair after injury Lymphocytes The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: Type B form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; type T form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Leukocytosis increase in the number of white blood cells. Can occur as a normal response while the body heals. Acquired Immunity immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as vaccination) Metastatic Cancer cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body through blood or lymph nodes Systemic cancer treatment chemo, targeted therapies, hormonal therapies, immunotherapies Benign tumors tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body malignant tumor A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs. Early warning signs of cancer **Remember CAUTION UP ** C - change in bowel or bladder A - a lesion that doesn't heal U - unusual bleeding or discharge T - thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing O - obvious changes in wart or mole N - nagging cough or persistent hoarseness U - unexplained weight loss P - pernicious anemia development of cancer initiation-involves exposure of the cell to a substance or event like chemicals, viruses, radiation, hormones, and environmental agents that cause DNA damage or mutation promotion-involves mutated cells' exposure to factors like hormones, nitrates, and nicotine that promote growth through epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modification, and micro ribonucleic acids progression - the tumor evades, metastasis, and becomes drug resistant. The available blood flow, tissues, cells, and hormones surrounding cancer cells influences the ability to proliferate, survive, invade, metz Metastasis-the spread of cancer cells Anaplasia loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type Hallmark of cancer and is characteristic of malignant tumors tumor grading a system used to classify cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread Tumor Grading Scale -GX: Grade cannot be assessed (undetermined grade) - Grade I: Well differentiated, least aggressive -Grade II: Moderately differentiated -Grade III: Poorly differentiated -Grade IV: Very poorly differentiated. More likely to progress quickly, highly malignant. First-degree burn Superficial burns through only the epidermis. second degree burn A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn. third degree burn Full thickness: extends deep tissues and fat that causes blackened skin that may be numb or necrotic atopic dermatitis Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants. Pediculosis infestation with lice, Feed on blood, presents with macule/papule Prevention methods of squamous cell carcinoma Wear sunscreen, avoid tanning beds, check skin once a month elderly skin changes Changes occur slowly. Skin become thinner and less elastic (gives rise to wrinkles). Sebaceous glands decrease production Epidermal cell turnover decrease (decrease melanocytes) Subcutaneous fat layer decreases and is redistributed Gout a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. cause of osteoporosis decreased levels of estrogen and androgens that maintain bone gain/loss balance Dislocation displacement of a bone from its joint osteomalacia disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency in adults Rickets osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity sprain stretching or tearing of ligaments Strain A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon Compartment Syndrome involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles Compartment syndrome complications tissue necrosis and rhabdomyolysis (renal failure), permanent loss of function, paralysis amputation Fibromyalgia chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue rheumatoid arthritis a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked causing inflammation in the affected parts of the body Osteoarthritis inflammation of the bone and joint caused by wear and tear on joints