AMSCO AP Government Unit 1 Proctored Exam 2024

advice and consent - answersthe power of the United States Senate to be consulted on and approve of treaties signed and appointments made by the President Bill of Rights - answersthe first 10 Amendments to the Constitution checks and balances - answersa way in which the three parts of government can limit each other commerce clause - answersthe government's ability to initiate and regulate trade Anti-Federalists - answersa person who opposed the ratification of the constitution bicameral - answerstwo branches or chambers Electoral College - answersthe body of electors chosen from each state to elect the president and vice president of the U.S. enumerated powers - answersspecific powers granted to Congress by the Constitution Federalist Papers - answersa collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution federalism - answersA system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and its subordinate parts Articles of Confederation - answersthe original constitution of the U.S. Declaration of Independence - answersformal statement declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain extradition - answersto give someone up to another government or authority Federalists - answerssupporters of a federal government Great Compromise - answerscompromise between the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan House of Representatives - answerselected by the people and proportionate to the population of the state impeachment - answersprocess by which elected officials are removed from office James Madison - answersauthor of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights and founder of the Federalist party John Locke - answerssaid that humans have certain rights that are natural to them judicial review - answersthe ability to judge certain laws and rules unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison (1803) - answerscourt case that established the power of judicial review national supremacy - answersConstitutional doctrine teaching that the Constitution has the supreme power natural law - answersphilosophy that all humans have certain rights that cannot be taken away necessary and proper clause - answersCongress has the right to express its powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government New Jersey Plan - answersA constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress pocket veto - answersIf a bill is proposed within 10 days of congress adjourning and the president does not sign it , it will die (un-overrideable veto). popular sovereignty - answersA government in which the people rule by their own consent. Preamble - answersIntroduction to the Constitution representative republic - answersA system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions based on the law and/or constitution. reserved powers - answersPowers not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states Senate - answersThe upper house of Congress. It has 100 members, 2 members for each state. Members are elected every 6 years. The Vice President is the head of this body. separation of powers - answersdivision of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, social contract - answersA voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. supremacy clause - answersmakes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. Texas v. Johnson (1989) - answers1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was a part of free speech and was protected by the first amendment two-thirds override - answersTo pass a bill over the President's objections requires a two-thirds vote in each Chamber United States v. Eichman (1990) - answersSupreme Court case that invalidated a federal law against flag desecration as violating free speech under the First Amendment to the Constitution. veto - answersChief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature Virginia Plan - answerscalled for proportional representation to population, thus favoring larger states unitary governments - answersthose with a single governing authority in a central capital with uniform law throughout the land full faith and credit - answersstates must regard and honor one another's governments and laws priveleges and immunities clause - answerscitizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states extradition - answersobligates states to deliver captured fugitive criminals back to the state where they committed the original crime police powers - answerspowers to create and force laws on health, safety, and morals Tenth Amendment - answersStates rights and reserved powers delegated powers - answerspowers the states have delegated to the federal government concurrent powers - answerspowers held by both authorities strict constructionist - answersone who believes in following the Constitution to the letter (Jefferson) Whiskey Rebellion - answerscontroversy after a federal tax offended whiskey makers compact theory - answersby creating a federal government, the 13 states entered a contract about its jurisdiction nullification - answersstates can declare a law void if they feel it violates the Constitution (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions) McCulloch v. Maryland - answersruled that states cannot tax the federal government implied powers - answerspowers not specifically listed in the Constitution for the federal government (derived from elastic clause) Gibbons v. Ogden - answersclarified commerce clause and put Congress in charge of interstate commerce dual federalism - answersfederal and state government have clearly defined powers selective exclusiveness - answersa doctrine asserting that when a commodity requires national rule, Congress is the only one who can regulate revenue sharing - answersthe distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments cooperative federalism - answersA system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly fiscal federalism - answersThe pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments grants-in-aid - answersmoney given to the national government by the states categorical grants - answersfederal grants that can only be used for specific things and often come with strings attached (drinking age) strings - answersspecific requirements block grants - answersfederal grants that can be used for pretty much anything marble cake federalism - answersa form of federalism in which there is mixing of powers, resources, and programs between the state and federal governments New Federalism - answerspolitical philosophy of a return of powers to state and local government South Dakota v. Dole - answersSupreme Court rules that Congress can set restrictions on drinking age to relieve grants mandates - answersan official order to do something Clean Air Act - answersU.S. federal law to control air pollution on a national level (1970) Americans with Disabilities Act - answersmade public sector buildings and transportation systems accessable for the disabled Devolution - answerssurrender of powers from federal to state and local governments United States v. Lopez - answersSupreme Court rules that Congress cannot control where guns are allowed No Child Left Behind - answersU.S. act of congress which reauthorized the Elementary & Secondary Education Act Race to the Top - answersObama's initiative that requires students to be college or career ready upon graduation valence issues - answerspolitical issue where voters share a preference wedge issues - answersdivisive political issue saliency - answersimportance liberal - answersleft, more government conservative - answersright, less government moderate - answersmiddle, some government libertarian - answersmaximize freedom of choice populist - answersrepresent interests of the common people progressive - answerssocial reformists Montesquieu - answerscame up with the concept of separation of powers