IAAP CPACC Certification - Post Exam (Answered) With Complete Solution

IAAP CPACC Certification - Post Exam (Answered) With Complete Solution Medical Model of Disability Presents a view that pairs the problem of a person with direct link to the trauma, disease, or health condition Medical Model of Disability Pros and Cons Pros: Addresses the biological sources of disabilities and can provide ways to medically manage the condition Cons: Ignores the sociopolitical and environmental factors of disability; problem of the individual Social Model of Disability Disability is not a characteristic of the individual but the conditions that the social environment creates that prohibit the full integration of the individual. Social Model of Disability Pros and Cons Pros: Focus on the disabling conditions in the environment and clearing barriers that are disabling people from using society in the way designed, the individual is not "broken" Cons: Can downplay the embodied characteristics of disability, Can push disability advocacy into a polarizing political space Biophysical Model of Disability A combination of the social and medical models to create a more complex and broad view of disability in order to not diminish one aspect for another Economic Model of Disability Defined by the individual not being able to participate in work, ability or inability to contribute to the economy, assessed by the loss in productivity and consequences for the individual, employer, and economy; directly related to the charity model Economic Model of Disability Pros and Cons Pros: Recognizes the bodily limitations on work and that economic support may be needed Cons: Creates a legally defined group of "needy" people which can be stigmatizing and also leave people out that do not meet the legal threshold for disabled but need support Functional Solutions Model of Disability Identifications of the limitations ("functional impairments") that the disability creates with the intent to find solutions to overcome those barriers and reduce the limitations through innovation Functional Solutions Model of Disability Pros and Cons Pros: Results-oriented and seeks solutions to real problems without diving into the sociopolitical implications, encourages innovation and entrepreneurship Cons: Can shift cost burden to the person instead of the building or organization; profit driven can cause organization to miss the target audience and usefulness, can miss sociopolitical root cause Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability identity by affiliation; deriving personal identity from membership in a like-minded group (eg. Deaf Culture) Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability Pros and Cons Pros: Accepts the disability completely and uses it as a point of pride Cons: Can be negated or brought down by feeling excluded by not fitting the groups expectations Charity Model of Disability Sees those with disability as unfortunate or needy and those that help as charitable and kind contributors Charity Model of Disability Pros and Cons Pros: inspires generosity Cons: condescending, person is an "object of pity", Often short-term fixes that sacrifice effective long-term solutions for the immediate effectiveness Sociopolitical Model of Disability activist model that emphasizes the need for human rights for people with disabilities How many people have a disability? 20% or 1 in 5 have some kind of disability deaf the condition of deafness, the partial or total hearing loss a person experiences from a medical perspective Deaf Deaf Culture or Deaf Community Cognitive Disabilities most common type of disability, can arise as a result of congenital conditions that are with an individual from birth, or developmental conditions that are with a person from a young age. They can also result from traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances, or other conditions later in life Dyslexia and Reading Disabilities cognitive disabilities experience difficulty reading. Some read at a lower level than their peers of the same age, and some can't read at all 5-17% of population, equally affects males and females Math Disabilities Some people experience math anxiety, which is an emotional or psychological fear that grips some people when confronted with math problems medical term(s); - dyscalculia (congenital or from injury): inability to compute - dysgraphia: inability to draw/chart affects 3-6% of the population Augmentative and Alternate Communication (AAC) - unaided: facial expressions, body lang. - aided: pen, paper, electronics - solutions to speech disorders Seizure Disabilities abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person's ability to process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement. Can be from physical reasons (drugs, dehydration, sleep, infections, fevers) or from flashing lights - epilepsy: recurring seizures (2% of pop. have at least 1 in their life) - photosensitivity epilepsy: when there are 16-25 images per second, 3% of people with epilepsy have photosensitivity epilsepsy) Psychological Disabilities vast range of emotional and mental conditions. These conditions are first diagnosed as "mental illness". and is then categorized as disability if it impacts life activities Percentage of the worldwide population with a disability 10-20% most sources Web Accessibility Principals P-Perceivable O- Operable U- Understandable R- Robust Perception making the output of web content available through multiple sensory modalities (touch, hear, see) examples: text alternatives, captions for multimedia, text spacing, distinguishable colors, content on hover must be dismissable Operable making the input methods of web content functionally available to a wide range of input devices (keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, voice recognition software, etc.) - give enough time for users to read and use content - help users navigate and find content - control the focus Understandable making content and interfaces that people can comprehend (simplify vocab, specify the language, limit complex topics/ technical jargon, supplemental formats, error prevention/correction) Robust ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive technologies (standard markup, ARIA to indicate name, role, value, dynamic content of open closed accordians) Which principle of web accessibility focuses on presenting information that can be accessed through multiple biological senses? Perceivable Ensuring that interaction with web content does not depend on using specific input devices is an application of which principle? Operable Alerting users to session timeouts utilizes which principle? Operable True or False: Making sure that web content is robust means making sure that content is written in a manner that is easy to comprehend. False - understandable Ensuring that navigation features like a menu are consistent across the entire website is an example of which web accessibility principle? Understandable A popup warning on a web site that states to all users, "Your session is about to expire. Would you like to continue?" is an example of which web accessibility principle? Perceivable Link text that communicates the purpose and/or destination of the link is an example of which web accessibility principle? Operable Allowing users to extend a time limit on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? Operable An audio description track for a video tour of a facility is an example of which web accessibility principle? Perceivable An item that communicates to a screen reader that it is expanded or collapsed is an example of which web accessibility principle? Robust Functionality on a web page that is both mouse and keyboard accessible is an example of which web accessibility principle? Operable Important information that is communicated using both color and text is an example of which web accessibility principle? Perceivable Identifying the primary language of a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? Understandable High contrast between text elements and the background on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle? Perceivable Universal Design (UD) the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design Universal Design Principles 1. equitable use 2. flexibility in use 3. simple and intuitive use 4. perceptible information 5. tolerance for error 6. low physical effort 7. size and space for approach and use Equitable use the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities Flexibility in use The design of the product or environment should provide people with a variety of options for use of its features. Simple and Intuitive Use The purpose of the product or environment's features should be easy to understand. A person's background, language, or experience should not hinder his or her understanding of how to use the product or navigate the environment. Perceptible Information Information about the product or environment's design should be communicated effectively and should be perceivable to everyone. A person's sensory abilities should not hinder him or her from receiving information. Information should be presented in different formats to increase effective communication to individuals with diverse abilities. Tolerance for Error The design of the product or environment should reduce the chances of accidents or hazards from occurring. The design should also anticipate any unintentional actions that may occur during use. Low Physical Effort The design of the product or environment should require little to no physical effort to use. A person should be able to use the product or navigate the environment comfortably without feeling fatigued during use or after use. Size and Space for Approach and Use Sufficient space should be provided in the design so that it allows anyone to use the design features regardless of physical build or physical abilities. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) an approach to designing curricula that eliminates barriers in the learning environment in order to improve educational experiences for all learners. acknowledges that diversity among individual learners needs to be considered when designing instruction and addressed during the learning process Recognition Networks enable us to collect knowledge, Perceiving and gathering information, understanding ideas, recalling facts, and recognizing voices and language Strategic Networks involved when learners apply the knowledge they have acquired, planning and organizing tasks, connecting ideas together, executing actions and demonstrating skills Affective Networks enable us to assign significant or personal meaning to newly acquired knowledge and discover what stimulates us during the learning process, Includes: engaging in the learning process UDL Principle 1: Multiple means of Representation focuses on ensuring variety in instructional delivery. Different mediums should be considered when teaching learners. Presenting information in formats such as print, electronic text, visual and aural is critical. Guidelines for Principle 1 1. Provide options for perception 2. Provide options for language and mathematical expressions 3. Provide options for comprehension UDL Principle 2: Multiple means of action and expression