NCTRC CTRS Exam 2023 UPDATED 2024
What ages are considered the early childhood stage?
Birth-6
What are key developmental elements that occur during the early childhood stage?
Development of fundamental motor skills, communication skills, and social skills, rapid body changes,
important emphasis on play
What ages are considered the children stage?
6-12
What are key developmental elements that occur during the children stage?
Social world expands, becomes involved in organized activities, still very involved in play, improved
hand eye coordination, friends become more important than family
What ages are considered the adolescence stage?
13-21
What are key developmental elements that occur during the adolescence stage?
Peer groups become more important than family, they struggle to become more independent, body
becomes, mature, interest in intimate, relationships, near the end, family regains, importance
What ages are considered the early adulthood stage?
21-30
What are key developmental elements that occur during early adulthood stage?
Establish independence through education and occupation, serious, intimate, relationships, lifelong
leisure pursuits
What ages are considered the middle adulthood stage?
30-50
What are key developmental elements that occur during middle adulthood stage?
Family and career take priority, involved in children's leisure, pursuits, family oriented
What ages are considered the older adulthood stage?
45-60
What are key developmental elements that occur during older adulthood stage?
Weight gain, reduction in strength and flexibility, common midlife crisis, and depression
What ages are considered the senior adulthood stage?
60-75
, What are key developmental elements that occur during senior adulthood stage?
Great amounts of free time, beginning to experience, health, problems, freedom to travel and
participate in activities of their choosing
What ages are considered the old old stage?
75-death
What are key developmental elements that occur during old old stage?
Physical deterioration can be rapid, as well as cognitive deterioration in the world may become
smaller due to deaths
Maslow's hierarchy
Based on needs with the lowest level being physiological in nature, then safety needs, social needs,
and self-esteem needs with the highest level being self actualization
Social learning theory
By observing a behavior, a person learns by also observing the consequence of that behavior and
modeling behaviors is important
Experiential learning model
One learns by reflecting on doing or what one has done
Self-determination theory
The motivation behind choices people make without external influence and interference. The degree
to which a persons behavior is self motivated or self determined.
What are the three principles of behavior change?
Self efficacy, the attribution model, and the concept of learned helplessness
What is self efficacy?
The expectations of his or her ability to cope with his or her problems. A person must be confident of
his or her abilities, and not give up when the results of his or her actions are not immediate.
What is the attribution model?
Deals with a persons explanation of the cause of events that occurred in that persons life
What is learned helplessness?
The phenomenon in which experience with uncontrollable events creates passive behavior towards
subsequent threats to well-being
Transtheoretical model
Examines an individual's motivation, and readiness to modify a particular behavior
What are the five major steps to change?
What ages are considered the early childhood stage?
Birth-6
What are key developmental elements that occur during the early childhood stage?
Development of fundamental motor skills, communication skills, and social skills, rapid body changes,
important emphasis on play
What ages are considered the children stage?
6-12
What are key developmental elements that occur during the children stage?
Social world expands, becomes involved in organized activities, still very involved in play, improved
hand eye coordination, friends become more important than family
What ages are considered the adolescence stage?
13-21
What are key developmental elements that occur during the adolescence stage?
Peer groups become more important than family, they struggle to become more independent, body
becomes, mature, interest in intimate, relationships, near the end, family regains, importance
What ages are considered the early adulthood stage?
21-30
What are key developmental elements that occur during early adulthood stage?
Establish independence through education and occupation, serious, intimate, relationships, lifelong
leisure pursuits
What ages are considered the middle adulthood stage?
30-50
What are key developmental elements that occur during middle adulthood stage?
Family and career take priority, involved in children's leisure, pursuits, family oriented
What ages are considered the older adulthood stage?
45-60
What are key developmental elements that occur during older adulthood stage?
Weight gain, reduction in strength and flexibility, common midlife crisis, and depression
What ages are considered the senior adulthood stage?
60-75
, What are key developmental elements that occur during senior adulthood stage?
Great amounts of free time, beginning to experience, health, problems, freedom to travel and
participate in activities of their choosing
What ages are considered the old old stage?
75-death
What are key developmental elements that occur during old old stage?
Physical deterioration can be rapid, as well as cognitive deterioration in the world may become
smaller due to deaths
Maslow's hierarchy
Based on needs with the lowest level being physiological in nature, then safety needs, social needs,
and self-esteem needs with the highest level being self actualization
Social learning theory
By observing a behavior, a person learns by also observing the consequence of that behavior and
modeling behaviors is important
Experiential learning model
One learns by reflecting on doing or what one has done
Self-determination theory
The motivation behind choices people make without external influence and interference. The degree
to which a persons behavior is self motivated or self determined.
What are the three principles of behavior change?
Self efficacy, the attribution model, and the concept of learned helplessness
What is self efficacy?
The expectations of his or her ability to cope with his or her problems. A person must be confident of
his or her abilities, and not give up when the results of his or her actions are not immediate.
What is the attribution model?
Deals with a persons explanation of the cause of events that occurred in that persons life
What is learned helplessness?
The phenomenon in which experience with uncontrollable events creates passive behavior towards
subsequent threats to well-being
Transtheoretical model
Examines an individual's motivation, and readiness to modify a particular behavior
What are the five major steps to change?
