ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2223
[Document subtitle]
,1. phosphatides: any of a class of compounds that are fatty acid est ers of glycerol
phosphate with a nitrogen base linked to the phosphate group.
2 triacylglycerol: A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol mole-
cule; also called a fat or triglyceride.
are neutral storage lipids. They consist of three fatty acids ester-linked to a single
glycerol.
used for energy storage rather than structure, and are not generally fo und in cell
membranes
formed through dehydration reactions
hydrolysis of triglycerides breaks the ester bonds, releasingfree fatty acids and
glycerol
3 fatty acyl group: Long hydrocarbon chain + carbonyl
4 glyceraldehyde: is an oxidiized form of glycerol
three carbon aldose with one aldehyde group and two hdyroxyl grouos
5 aldose: A carbohydrate whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde
6 Free Fatty Acids (FFA): the components of fat that are used by the body for
metabolism
Carboxyl group (negatively charged - with hydrocarbon tail
Usually not found in blood plasma but rather exist as a derivative, su ch as a
triglyceride or phospholipid.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids releases free FAs
Long chain hydrocarbon makes fatty acids hdyrophobix, allowing for solubility in
organic solvents
compoased of unbranced hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl groups at one end -
,humans synthesize fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, and chains
usually range from 14 to 18 carbon atoms long
7 saturated fatty acid: no double bonds between carbon atoms- more solid at
room temp-higher mp than unsaturated at room temperature-
Saturated fats lack double bonds between their carbons, the initial step in their
B-oxidation pathway creates a double bond (oxidation), while also producing an
FADH2(a reduction)- since this step does not necessarily happen in an unsaturated
fat, fewer high energy electron carriers are produced and thus the ove rall energy
yield is lower
Unsaturated fats produce less energy during B-oxidation than saturated fats with an
equal number of carbons
Stack closely in the cell membrane
8 unsaturated fatty acid: A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds
between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of
hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Lower mp than saturated with the same number of carbon atoms- lipids with
unsaturated acyl chains do not pack well against one another- increasing the
level of disorder- Increased temperature also increases the level of disorder in the
membrane because there is more movement at higher temperatures.
Usually in the cis conformation
Unsaturation contributes significantly to membrane fluidity - the C=C bonds de-
crease the melting temperature of fatty acid chains and increase the average space
between lipids
Lipids with unsaturated fatty acid chains are more fluid at a given temperature than
saturated lipids of the same length
Cis configuration is particularly important in cell membranes as it introduces a bend
or kink in the fatty acid chain that prevents phospholipids from stacking together and
interacting efficiently
9 Disubstituted double bond:
, 10 saponification reaction: the hydrolysis of an organic compound, under basic
conditions, in which a carboxylic acid salt is one of the products
The hydrolysis of an ester bond with a strong base
Saponification of a triglyceride with a strong base, such as NAOH, releases free fatty
acids ( as sodium salts) and a molecule of glycerol
One equivalent of base is needed to hdyrolyze one ester linkage, therefore, three
equivalents of base are needed to completely hydrolyze a triglyceride
11 transesterification: Is the reaction between an ester and an alcohol that results
in an exchange of alkoxy and alcohol R groups
exchange of alcohol and alkoxy R groups between an ester and an alcohol
12 ammonium: ammonium formate - NH4HCO2
ammonium carbonate - (NH4)2CO3
ammonium bicarbonate - NH4HCO3
ammonium acetate - NH4CH3CO2
13 pyrophosphates: Pyrophosphate is a potent inhibitor of calcium-phosphate
crystal formation and growth [2]. Extracellular pyrophosphate is produced upon ATP
hydrolysis by the enzyme ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1
14 phosphonic acid structure: is the compound described by the formula HƒPO
This acid is diprotic, not triprotic as might be suggested by this formula. Phosphorous
acid is an intermediate in the preparation of other phosphorus compounds
15 benzoquinone: a byproduct of reaction; in plants, acts an antiseptic hat deters
pathogens in damaged tissues (protects the plant/fruit); turns brown/ orange color
Reduction would yield hydroquinone
16 Alkane, Alkyne, Alkene: ane - single bonds - alkyl
[Document subtitle]
,1. phosphatides: any of a class of compounds that are fatty acid est ers of glycerol
phosphate with a nitrogen base linked to the phosphate group.
2 triacylglycerol: A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol mole-
cule; also called a fat or triglyceride.
are neutral storage lipids. They consist of three fatty acids ester-linked to a single
glycerol.
used for energy storage rather than structure, and are not generally fo und in cell
membranes
formed through dehydration reactions
hydrolysis of triglycerides breaks the ester bonds, releasingfree fatty acids and
glycerol
3 fatty acyl group: Long hydrocarbon chain + carbonyl
4 glyceraldehyde: is an oxidiized form of glycerol
three carbon aldose with one aldehyde group and two hdyroxyl grouos
5 aldose: A carbohydrate whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde
6 Free Fatty Acids (FFA): the components of fat that are used by the body for
metabolism
Carboxyl group (negatively charged - with hydrocarbon tail
Usually not found in blood plasma but rather exist as a derivative, su ch as a
triglyceride or phospholipid.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids releases free FAs
Long chain hydrocarbon makes fatty acids hdyrophobix, allowing for solubility in
organic solvents
compoased of unbranced hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl groups at one end -
,humans synthesize fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, and chains
usually range from 14 to 18 carbon atoms long
7 saturated fatty acid: no double bonds between carbon atoms- more solid at
room temp-higher mp than unsaturated at room temperature-
Saturated fats lack double bonds between their carbons, the initial step in their
B-oxidation pathway creates a double bond (oxidation), while also producing an
FADH2(a reduction)- since this step does not necessarily happen in an unsaturated
fat, fewer high energy electron carriers are produced and thus the ove rall energy
yield is lower
Unsaturated fats produce less energy during B-oxidation than saturated fats with an
equal number of carbons
Stack closely in the cell membrane
8 unsaturated fatty acid: A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds
between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of
hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Lower mp than saturated with the same number of carbon atoms- lipids with
unsaturated acyl chains do not pack well against one another- increasing the
level of disorder- Increased temperature also increases the level of disorder in the
membrane because there is more movement at higher temperatures.
Usually in the cis conformation
Unsaturation contributes significantly to membrane fluidity - the C=C bonds de-
crease the melting temperature of fatty acid chains and increase the average space
between lipids
Lipids with unsaturated fatty acid chains are more fluid at a given temperature than
saturated lipids of the same length
Cis configuration is particularly important in cell membranes as it introduces a bend
or kink in the fatty acid chain that prevents phospholipids from stacking together and
interacting efficiently
9 Disubstituted double bond:
, 10 saponification reaction: the hydrolysis of an organic compound, under basic
conditions, in which a carboxylic acid salt is one of the products
The hydrolysis of an ester bond with a strong base
Saponification of a triglyceride with a strong base, such as NAOH, releases free fatty
acids ( as sodium salts) and a molecule of glycerol
One equivalent of base is needed to hdyrolyze one ester linkage, therefore, three
equivalents of base are needed to completely hydrolyze a triglyceride
11 transesterification: Is the reaction between an ester and an alcohol that results
in an exchange of alkoxy and alcohol R groups
exchange of alcohol and alkoxy R groups between an ester and an alcohol
12 ammonium: ammonium formate - NH4HCO2
ammonium carbonate - (NH4)2CO3
ammonium bicarbonate - NH4HCO3
ammonium acetate - NH4CH3CO2
13 pyrophosphates: Pyrophosphate is a potent inhibitor of calcium-phosphate
crystal formation and growth [2]. Extracellular pyrophosphate is produced upon ATP
hydrolysis by the enzyme ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1
14 phosphonic acid structure: is the compound described by the formula HƒPO
This acid is diprotic, not triprotic as might be suggested by this formula. Phosphorous
acid is an intermediate in the preparation of other phosphorus compounds
15 benzoquinone: a byproduct of reaction; in plants, acts an antiseptic hat deters
pathogens in damaged tissues (protects the plant/fruit); turns brown/ orange color
Reduction would yield hydroquinone
16 Alkane, Alkyne, Alkene: ane - single bonds - alkyl
