Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 SOLUTIONS GRADE A+ GUARANTEED

anatomy the study of body structures and the relationships that exist among them embryology refers to the study of structures of a fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero developmental biology structures emerge from fertilized egg to the adult form cell biology cellular structures and functions histology microscopic structure of tissues surface anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpation gross (big) structures which can be examined without the use of a microscope systemic structure of specific systems of the body regional specific regions of the body radiographic body structures visualized with x-rays pathological structural changes associated with disease physiology the study of body structures or how the body parts work neurophysiology functional properties of nerve cells endocrinology hormones and how they control body functions cardiovascular functions of the heart and blood vessels immunology defense systems against disease-causing agents respiratory physiology functions of air passageways and lungs renal physiology functions of the kidney exercise physiology changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity pathophysiology functional changes associated with disease and aging atoms the smallest units of matter and participate in chemical reactions to form molecules molecules two or more atoms joined together cell the four macromolecules along with other inorganic molecules come together to form the basic structural and functional units of all organisms organelles the structural and functional units of a cell and vary greatly between the different types of cells structure and function the diversity of cell types which make up the human body are defined by this tissue comprised of groups of cells and surrounding materials that have a similar structure and origin epithelial tissue covering body surfaces; lining hollow organs and cavities; forms glands muscle tissue moving body parts; move fluids within organs, generate heat to maintain body temperature connective tissue connecting, supporting, and protecting body organs; most abundant and diverse nervous tissue communication through electrical pulses (nerve impulses) organs created when two or more different types of tissue combine within a single structure to perform a specific function system consists of related organs which have common function organism any living individual and refers to the all parts at all other levels functioning together metabolism the sum of all chemical reaction processes that occur within the body catabolism the breakdown of chemical substances and/or macromolecules into simpler compounds and/or monomers anabolism the synthesis (building) of complex chemical substances and/or macromolecules from smaller, simpler components and/or monomers responsiveness refers to the ability of the organisms to detect and respond to changes in both the internal and external environment movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and structures inside the cell growth refers to an increase in the size of the organism through an increase in cell size, the number of cells, or both. differentiation begins when fertilized egg divides to a 200 cell cluster; a process in which unspecialized cells change into cells with specialized functions and structures stem cells precursor cells which can divide and become specialized cells through differentiation reproduction formation of new cells responsible for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual homeostasis the condition characterized by the body's internal environment being in equilibrium (balance), remaining relative constant, due to the endless interplay of the body's regulatory process; disruptions to the homeostasis of the body may originate from either the internal or the external environment or both controlled conditions conditions which are a continuously monitored and maintained within a specific range ex. body temperature; blood pressure stress defined as any stimulus that challenges, threatens, or damages the equilibrium or homeostasis of the individual epidemiology the study of why, when, and where diseases occur as well as how they are transmitted within a community or population of individuals disease occurs with any changes that result in the body not carrying on normal structure or functionality continued.....