Hondros BIO 117 Exam 2 Verified 100% Correct!!

Hondros BIO 117 Exam 2 Verified 100% Correct!! Shaft of long bone diaphysis Site of longitudinal bone growth epiphyseal disc Bone-building cell osteoblast Site of blood cell production red bone marrow Tough outer covering of the bone periosteum Enlarged end of a long bone epiphysis Cancellous bone spongy bone Osteon haversian system Bone-eroding cell that helps in bone marrow remodeling osteoclast Hollow center of a long bone medullary cavity The epiphyseal disc is composed of cartilage and is involved in the growth of long bones Osteoclastic activity stimulates bone breakdown Depression of the red bone marrow causes a life-threatening decline in red blood cells Osteoporosis affects the older population, with women being more affected. Other bone diseases cause a decrease in bone density. Which hormone could possibly be contributing to this, what cell is turning on and which cell is turning off? Parathyroid Hormone, turning on osteoclasts, turning off osteoblasts What are all the bones of the Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles? Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis) Pectoral Girdle: Scapula and Clavicle If we needed less calcium in the bloodstream, what hormone would I want to use? What gland does this hormone come from? What cell does it stimulate? What cell does it inhibit? Calcitonin from the thyroid gland, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts What are the bones of the arm? What bone does each articulate with? What special cartilage can we see at the ends of these articulating bones? Is this appendicular skeleton or axial skeleton? Humerus (articulates with scapula, radius, ulna), radius (articulates with humerus, ulna, carpals), ulna (articulates with radius, humerus, carpals) Special Cartilage = articular cartilage Appendicular skeleton What are the bones of the leg? What bone does each articulate? Where would I see synovial fluid? Femur (articulates with pelvic bone, tibia, patella), Tibia (articulates with fibula, patella, talus), Fibula (articulates with tibia, talus) Synovial fluid is in the knee joint What bones make up the axial skeleton? Cranium, Vertebrae, Rib cage, Pelvic bone If someone is suffering from tendonitis, what is inflamed? What does this structure connect? The muscle tendon is inflamed, it connects muscle to bone. What do ligaments connect? bone to bone What do aponeuroses connect? muscle to muscle What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? To store and release calcium for muscle contraction Muscles are constantly using a lot of energy, what special organelle would we expect to see here? What is the function of that organelle? Mitochondria, they produce ATP. When oxygen is around what kind of process do our cells use? Aerobic When oxygen is not around what kind of process do our cells use? Anerobic Is aerobic or anaerobic more favorable? Aerobic Muscles have 2 main actions: contraction and relaxation, nervous stimulation are needed to stimulate the muscle to contract. What kind of neuron innervates the muscle fiber? What kind of neurotransmitter is needed to complete this action? Somatic Motor Neuron and Acetylcholine If a muscle is a synergist to another muscle, what does this mean? Its action is the same as the muscle If a muscle is an antagonist to another muscle, what does this mean? Its action is opposite to the muscle What muscles cause flexion of the leg? Biceps femoris, semitendonitis, semimembranousis What muscles cause adduction of the arm? Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major What muscles cause dorsiflexion? Tibialis Anterior What muscles cause plantarflexion? Gastrocnemius and soleus