BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Module 9
Final Exam Review
Q&A
2024
,1. A 54-year-old patient with a history of hypertension and diabetes
mellitus type 2 presents with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and
unexplained weight loss. Laboratory tests reveal hyperglycemia and
ketonuria. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
Rationale: The presence of ketonuria along with hyperglycemia in a
patient with known diabetes mellitus type 2 suggests diabetic
ketoacidosis, a serious complication that requires prompt medical
intervention.
2. A patient is diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. Which of the
following symptoms would you expect to find?
A. Tetany
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Paresthesia
Answer: C. Hypercalcemia
Rationale: Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by excessive
secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated serum
calcium levels.
3. A 30-year-old female patient presents with fatigue, weight gain, and
cold intolerance. Her TSH levels are elevated, and T4 levels are low.
What is the most appropriate next step in management?
A. Start levothyroxine therapy
B. Perform a thyroidectomy
C. Prescribe a course of iodine supplements
D. Initiate glucocorticoid therapy
Answer: A. Start levothyroxine therapy
Rationale: The patient's symptoms and lab results are indicative of
hypothyroidism, and the first line of treatment is levothyroxine, a
synthetic thyroid hormone.
, 4. A patient with Addison's disease is most at risk for developing which of
the following conditions during periods of stress?
A. Thyroid storm
B. Adrenal crisis
C. Diabetic coma
D. Hypercalcemic crisis
Answer: B. Adrenal crisis
Rationale: Patients with Addison's disease have impaired cortisol
production, which can lead to an adrenal crisis during stress if not
properly managed with increased glucocorticoid doses.
5. In a patient with acromegaly, which of the following laboratory
findings would be expected?
A. Decreased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
B. Increased serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C. Increased serum growth hormone (GH)
D. Decreased serum prolactin
Answer: C. Increased serum growth hormone (GH)
Rationale: Acromegaly is caused by excessive production of GH, often
due to a pituitary adenoma, leading to elevated levels of GH in the serum.
1. Which of the following endocrine disorders is characterized by a
deficiency in insulin production by the pancreas?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Type 1 diabetes
C. Cushing's syndrome
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Type 1 diabetes
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the
pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar
levels.
2. A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent
urination, and unexplained weight loss. Which endocrine disorder is most
likely responsible for these symptoms?
Module 9
Final Exam Review
Q&A
2024
,1. A 54-year-old patient with a history of hypertension and diabetes
mellitus type 2 presents with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and
unexplained weight loss. Laboratory tests reveal hyperglycemia and
ketonuria. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
Rationale: The presence of ketonuria along with hyperglycemia in a
patient with known diabetes mellitus type 2 suggests diabetic
ketoacidosis, a serious complication that requires prompt medical
intervention.
2. A patient is diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. Which of the
following symptoms would you expect to find?
A. Tetany
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Paresthesia
Answer: C. Hypercalcemia
Rationale: Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by excessive
secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated serum
calcium levels.
3. A 30-year-old female patient presents with fatigue, weight gain, and
cold intolerance. Her TSH levels are elevated, and T4 levels are low.
What is the most appropriate next step in management?
A. Start levothyroxine therapy
B. Perform a thyroidectomy
C. Prescribe a course of iodine supplements
D. Initiate glucocorticoid therapy
Answer: A. Start levothyroxine therapy
Rationale: The patient's symptoms and lab results are indicative of
hypothyroidism, and the first line of treatment is levothyroxine, a
synthetic thyroid hormone.
, 4. A patient with Addison's disease is most at risk for developing which of
the following conditions during periods of stress?
A. Thyroid storm
B. Adrenal crisis
C. Diabetic coma
D. Hypercalcemic crisis
Answer: B. Adrenal crisis
Rationale: Patients with Addison's disease have impaired cortisol
production, which can lead to an adrenal crisis during stress if not
properly managed with increased glucocorticoid doses.
5. In a patient with acromegaly, which of the following laboratory
findings would be expected?
A. Decreased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
B. Increased serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C. Increased serum growth hormone (GH)
D. Decreased serum prolactin
Answer: C. Increased serum growth hormone (GH)
Rationale: Acromegaly is caused by excessive production of GH, often
due to a pituitary adenoma, leading to elevated levels of GH in the serum.
1. Which of the following endocrine disorders is characterized by a
deficiency in insulin production by the pancreas?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Type 1 diabetes
C. Cushing's syndrome
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Type 1 diabetes
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the
pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar
levels.
2. A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent
urination, and unexplained weight loss. Which endocrine disorder is most
likely responsible for these symptoms?
