BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Module 8
Final Exam Review
Q&A
2024
,1. A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for which electrolyte
imbalance?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: A. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease can lead to decreased excretion of
potassium, resulting in hyperkalemia.
2. Which condition is characterized by an excess of body water relative to
sodium?
A. Dehydration
B. Hypovolemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Dilutional hyponatremia
Answer: D. Dilutional hyponatremia
Rationale: Dilutional hyponatremia occurs when there is a relative
excess of water in the body compared to sodium, diluting the sodium
concentration.
3. In acute renal failure, what urine output measurement indicates
oliguria?
A. Less than 100 mL/day
B. Less than 400 mL/day
C. Less than 800 mL/day
D. Less than 1500 mL/day
Answer: B. Less than 400 mL/day
Rationale: Oliguria is defined as a urine output of less than 400 mL/day
and is a common sign of acute renal failure.
4. A patient with nephrotic syndrome would exhibit which of the
following symptoms?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hypertension
, D. Polyuria
Answer: B. Proteinuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
5. What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Hypertension
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B. Diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of ESRD due to the
damage high blood sugar can cause to the nephrons over time.
6. Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of serum
calcium levels?
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Aldosterone
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Renin
Answer: C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Rationale: PTH is the key regulator of calcium homeostasis, increasing
serum calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and increasing
calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
7. The presence of "waxy" casts in the urine sediment is indicative of:
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Urinary tract infection
Answer: C. Chronic renal failure
Rationale: Waxy casts are typically seen in chronic renal failure and
represent stasis and low urine flow.
8. Which acid-base imbalance is most commonly seen in patients with
chronic renal failure?
A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
Module 8
Final Exam Review
Q&A
2024
,1. A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for which electrolyte
imbalance?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: A. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease can lead to decreased excretion of
potassium, resulting in hyperkalemia.
2. Which condition is characterized by an excess of body water relative to
sodium?
A. Dehydration
B. Hypovolemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Dilutional hyponatremia
Answer: D. Dilutional hyponatremia
Rationale: Dilutional hyponatremia occurs when there is a relative
excess of water in the body compared to sodium, diluting the sodium
concentration.
3. In acute renal failure, what urine output measurement indicates
oliguria?
A. Less than 100 mL/day
B. Less than 400 mL/day
C. Less than 800 mL/day
D. Less than 1500 mL/day
Answer: B. Less than 400 mL/day
Rationale: Oliguria is defined as a urine output of less than 400 mL/day
and is a common sign of acute renal failure.
4. A patient with nephrotic syndrome would exhibit which of the
following symptoms?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Hypertension
, D. Polyuria
Answer: B. Proteinuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
5. What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Hypertension
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B. Diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of ESRD due to the
damage high blood sugar can cause to the nephrons over time.
6. Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of serum
calcium levels?
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Aldosterone
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Renin
Answer: C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Rationale: PTH is the key regulator of calcium homeostasis, increasing
serum calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and increasing
calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
7. The presence of "waxy" casts in the urine sediment is indicative of:
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Urinary tract infection
Answer: C. Chronic renal failure
Rationale: Waxy casts are typically seen in chronic renal failure and
represent stasis and low urine flow.
8. Which acid-base imbalance is most commonly seen in patients with
chronic renal failure?
A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
