AC-HPAT Chemistry Questions With Complete
Solutions
double-displacement reaction
A double displacement reaction, also known as a double replacement reaction or metathesis, is a type
of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions
(anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or products
Precipitate
precipitate is an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution. The emergence of the insoluble
solid from solution is called precipitation. Often the precipitate emerges as a suspension. Precipitates
can form when two soluble salts react in solution to form one or more insoluble products.
Energy Levels
Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where
electrons may be found. As you go farther from the nucleus, electrons at higher energy levels have
more energy. Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are called valence electrons
Marquis Test
The Marquis Test is commonly used for Ecstasy testing as MDMA turns the precipitate purple black.
Cobalt thiocyanate is used to test for cocaine. The Cobalt is mixed with the questionable substance,
then drowned in hydrochloric acid, doused in chloroform, and shaken.
What is the relation between an atomic number and a mass number?
Atomic number is actually the number of protons in an atom while mass number is the number of
nucleons i. e, number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
Isotopes
Isotopes refer to the nuclides of a certain element that have different numbers of neutrons, or in
other words, atomic nuclei that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
A radioisotope is an isotope that is unstable and therefore undergoes radioactive decay or will at
some point.
Chemical Synthesis
Chemical synthesis, the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is the
process by which many substances important to daily life are obtained. It is applied to all types of
chemical compounds, but most syntheses are of organic molecules.
Decomposition
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into
two or more elements or new compounds. These reactions often involve an energy source such as
heat, light, or electricity that breaks apart the bonds of compounds
single-displacement reaction
A single-displacement reaction, also known as a single-replacement reaction, is a type of chemical
reaction where an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that
compound. This type of reaction is typically pictured like this: Here, A replaces B in the compound BC
, Flame test
flame test is an analytical procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements,
primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. The color of flames in
general also depends on temperature; see flame color.
Precipitation reaction
A precipitation reaction refers to the formation of an insoluble salt when two solutions containing
soluble salts are combined. The insoluble salt that falls out of solution is known as the precipitate,
hence the reaction's name. Precipitation reactions can help determine the presence of various ions in
solution.
organic compounds
An organic compound is a substance that is added to a product, like food, to improve some qualities
such as taste, smell, colour and texture. These substances can be both positive and negative for
human health.
Synthetic materials
Synthetic materials which are by-products of petroleum are non-biodegradable, synthetic products
take a long time to decompose, creating long-term pollution. Nylon is hard to recycle, making them
hard to decompose, accumulate landfills more. Polyesters are easy to recycle, which makes them less
harmful to the society.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The
Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine (the most electronegative element) is assigned a
value of 4.0, and values range down to caesium and francium which are the least electronegative at
0.7.
Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds are chemical bonds between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O). A full outer shell usually has eight
electrons, or two in the case of hydrogen or helium. ... Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing
valence electrons.
Functional Group
The functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms joined in a specific manner, which gives
the chemical properties of the organic compound and are the centers for chemical reactivity.
Compounds having a similar functional group have undergone similar reactions.
unique characteristics of the carbon atom in terms of covalent bonding
Because each carbon is identical, they all have four valence electrons, so they can easily bond with
other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings. In fact, a carbon atom can bond with another carbon
atom two or three times to make double and triple covalent bonds between two carbon atoms.
Alkenes
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated
compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes
is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond
Solutions
double-displacement reaction
A double displacement reaction, also known as a double replacement reaction or metathesis, is a type
of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions
(anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or products
Precipitate
precipitate is an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution. The emergence of the insoluble
solid from solution is called precipitation. Often the precipitate emerges as a suspension. Precipitates
can form when two soluble salts react in solution to form one or more insoluble products.
Energy Levels
Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where
electrons may be found. As you go farther from the nucleus, electrons at higher energy levels have
more energy. Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are called valence electrons
Marquis Test
The Marquis Test is commonly used for Ecstasy testing as MDMA turns the precipitate purple black.
Cobalt thiocyanate is used to test for cocaine. The Cobalt is mixed with the questionable substance,
then drowned in hydrochloric acid, doused in chloroform, and shaken.
What is the relation between an atomic number and a mass number?
Atomic number is actually the number of protons in an atom while mass number is the number of
nucleons i. e, number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
Isotopes
Isotopes refer to the nuclides of a certain element that have different numbers of neutrons, or in
other words, atomic nuclei that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
A radioisotope is an isotope that is unstable and therefore undergoes radioactive decay or will at
some point.
Chemical Synthesis
Chemical synthesis, the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is the
process by which many substances important to daily life are obtained. It is applied to all types of
chemical compounds, but most syntheses are of organic molecules.
Decomposition
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into
two or more elements or new compounds. These reactions often involve an energy source such as
heat, light, or electricity that breaks apart the bonds of compounds
single-displacement reaction
A single-displacement reaction, also known as a single-replacement reaction, is a type of chemical
reaction where an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that
compound. This type of reaction is typically pictured like this: Here, A replaces B in the compound BC
, Flame test
flame test is an analytical procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements,
primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. The color of flames in
general also depends on temperature; see flame color.
Precipitation reaction
A precipitation reaction refers to the formation of an insoluble salt when two solutions containing
soluble salts are combined. The insoluble salt that falls out of solution is known as the precipitate,
hence the reaction's name. Precipitation reactions can help determine the presence of various ions in
solution.
organic compounds
An organic compound is a substance that is added to a product, like food, to improve some qualities
such as taste, smell, colour and texture. These substances can be both positive and negative for
human health.
Synthetic materials
Synthetic materials which are by-products of petroleum are non-biodegradable, synthetic products
take a long time to decompose, creating long-term pollution. Nylon is hard to recycle, making them
hard to decompose, accumulate landfills more. Polyesters are easy to recycle, which makes them less
harmful to the society.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The
Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine (the most electronegative element) is assigned a
value of 4.0, and values range down to caesium and francium which are the least electronegative at
0.7.
Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds are chemical bonds between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O). A full outer shell usually has eight
electrons, or two in the case of hydrogen or helium. ... Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing
valence electrons.
Functional Group
The functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms joined in a specific manner, which gives
the chemical properties of the organic compound and are the centers for chemical reactivity.
Compounds having a similar functional group have undergone similar reactions.
unique characteristics of the carbon atom in terms of covalent bonding
Because each carbon is identical, they all have four valence electrons, so they can easily bond with
other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings. In fact, a carbon atom can bond with another carbon
atom two or three times to make double and triple covalent bonds between two carbon atoms.
Alkenes
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated
compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes
is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond
