MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) Q & A RATED 100%
CORRECT!!
Seven warning signs of cancer
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge,
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in
wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness.
Initiation
Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation. Excessive cell division
Cancer development stages of malignancy
initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis
Promotion
Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as promoters Promoters can be hormones,
proteins (insulin and estrogen)
Progression
Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time
metastasis
Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies.
Cancer classification
Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated with the organ
where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues such as
leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
Cancer prevention primary
Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun
exposure Ex: Eliminate
Modifying associated factors primary
Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA development. Ex
increased incidence of CA among adults who consume alcohol Diets high in fat and low in fibers
Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary
Ex: Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine
Secondary Prevention
Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of
CA deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual mammography (45-54 years of
age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men
50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex: BRCA genes
, Types of cancers
(carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma)
Types of therapy ( surgery)
Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies * Cons: loss of function
and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left behind or mobilized into vasculature
causing metastases
Types of therapy (Radiation)
Destroys cancer cells with minimal damaging effects Side Effects Rash, altered taste, fatigue, bone
marrow suppression, hair loss Interprofessional collaborative care: Do not remove ink markings Teach
patients to avoid skin irritants Teach patients about risk for fractures Implement exercise and sleep
interventions Care for dry mouth Nutritional supplementation.
Types of therapy (Chemotherapy)
Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Damages DNA and interferes with cell division
types of therapy ( Immunotherapy)
Modifies patients biological responses to tumor cells Side Effects: Fluid retention, electrolyte
imbalances, bone marrow supp. Skin reaction, hypertension, GI distress, mucositis
types of therapy ( Photodynamic)
Selective destruction of CA cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light
Types of therapy (Hormonal Therapy)
Changing hormone responses Ex: some hormones make hormone sensitive tumors grow more
rapidly. Inhibits these responses. * Masculizing effects in women, feminizing effects in men, acne,
fluid retention, hypercalcemia, DVT
Surgical classification types ( Prophylactic surgery)
Prophylactic surgery Removes potentially cancerous tissue as a means of preventing CA development
Performed when a patient has existing premalignant conditions or strong predisposition for
development of CA Ex: removing benign polyp from colon
Surgical classification types (Diagnostic Surgery)
Biopsy: removal of all or part of a lesion to confirm or r/o CA Dx
Surgical classification (Curative Surgery)
Removes all CA tissue
surgical classification (Cytoreductive surgery)
Removes part of the tumor when entire removal of the mass is not possible. Decreases size of tumor
= alleviation of sx and enhance success of CA tx.
CORRECT!!
Seven warning signs of cancer
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge,
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in
wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness.
Initiation
Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation. Excessive cell division
Cancer development stages of malignancy
initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis
Promotion
Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as promoters Promoters can be hormones,
proteins (insulin and estrogen)
Progression
Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time
metastasis
Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies.
Cancer classification
Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated with the organ
where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues such as
leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
Cancer prevention primary
Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun
exposure Ex: Eliminate
Modifying associated factors primary
Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA development. Ex
increased incidence of CA among adults who consume alcohol Diets high in fat and low in fibers
Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary
Ex: Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine
Secondary Prevention
Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of
CA deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual mammography (45-54 years of
age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men
50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex: BRCA genes
, Types of cancers
(carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma)
Types of therapy ( surgery)
Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies * Cons: loss of function
and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left behind or mobilized into vasculature
causing metastases
Types of therapy (Radiation)
Destroys cancer cells with minimal damaging effects Side Effects Rash, altered taste, fatigue, bone
marrow suppression, hair loss Interprofessional collaborative care: Do not remove ink markings Teach
patients to avoid skin irritants Teach patients about risk for fractures Implement exercise and sleep
interventions Care for dry mouth Nutritional supplementation.
Types of therapy (Chemotherapy)
Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Damages DNA and interferes with cell division
types of therapy ( Immunotherapy)
Modifies patients biological responses to tumor cells Side Effects: Fluid retention, electrolyte
imbalances, bone marrow supp. Skin reaction, hypertension, GI distress, mucositis
types of therapy ( Photodynamic)
Selective destruction of CA cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light
Types of therapy (Hormonal Therapy)
Changing hormone responses Ex: some hormones make hormone sensitive tumors grow more
rapidly. Inhibits these responses. * Masculizing effects in women, feminizing effects in men, acne,
fluid retention, hypercalcemia, DVT
Surgical classification types ( Prophylactic surgery)
Prophylactic surgery Removes potentially cancerous tissue as a means of preventing CA development
Performed when a patient has existing premalignant conditions or strong predisposition for
development of CA Ex: removing benign polyp from colon
Surgical classification types (Diagnostic Surgery)
Biopsy: removal of all or part of a lesion to confirm or r/o CA Dx
Surgical classification (Curative Surgery)
Removes all CA tissue
surgical classification (Cytoreductive surgery)
Removes part of the tumor when entire removal of the mass is not possible. Decreases size of tumor
= alleviation of sx and enhance success of CA tx.
