p block for class 11th and 12th

NITROGEN FAMILY

PREPARATION OF N2 OXIDES OF NITROGEN REACTION WITH METALS - Pyrophosphorous acid (H 4P2O5) OXIDES OF PHOSPHORUS PH3,phospheni
2. Red ph
Zn+dil. HNO3→ Zn(NO3)2+N2O P-H 2 Holmes signal (Ca 3P2 + CaC2 )
NH4NO3→ Cu+dil. HNO → Cu(NO ) +NO



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P-OH 2 CaC2+ H2O → C2H2(Flammable)
NH4NO2 3

Zn+Conc. HNO → Zn(NO ) +NO
3 2
Basicity=2
3 3 2 2

(NH4)2Cr2 O7 Heating BROWN RING TEST PHOSPHOROUS &
PHOSPHORIC TYPE ITS ALLOTROPES
NO+N2O4 → AMMONIA
Ba(N3)2
- Hypophosphoric acid (H 4P2O6)

PROPERTIES OF N2 Pb(NO3)2→ COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
HABER‛S PROCESS
} P-O-P=6
P-O=12 }} P-O-P=6
P-O=16 } 1. White phosphorous
P
P-OH 4 573 k
low T
2NO2(g) → P P→
Basicity=4
Fe catalyst,
Mg+N2→ Mg3N2 high P Mo (Promoter) HALIDES OF PHOSPHORUS P
CaC2+ N2→ CaCN2+C N2+3H2 2NH3 - Orthophosphoric acid (H 3PO4)

NITROLIME
P4O10+HNO3 → 1) PCl3 2) PCl5 -Grey lustre
P-OH 3
REACTIONS Preparation Preparation -Insoluble in
Basicity=3

OXIDES OF NITROGEN OXYACIDS OF NITROGEN CuSO4+NH3+H2O → - Pyrophosphoric acid (H 4P2O7)
P4 + 2SOCl 2→ PCl3
(white) (thionyl chloride)
P4 + SO 2Cl 2 → PCl 5 + SO2
(white) (sulphuryl chloride)
P
-Non poisono
-No chemilum
[Cu(NH 3)4] SO4+ (NH4)2SO4 + SO2 + S2Cl2
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS 60O -Obtained by
THERMALLY STABLE +2 (NEUTRAL
OSTWALD‛S PROCESS P-OH 4 P P white P at 57
GAS)
Basicity=4 Properties Properties
+1 (NEUTRAL Pt OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS
[ [ P -Occurs as p
GAS)
NH3+O2→ NO PCl3 5+3
2
= 4 → (3,1) PCl5 5+5
2
= 2 → (5,0)
So it is less
PHOSPHORUS TYPE -Translucent white waxy solid
NO+O2→ NO2
Shape : Pyramidal
+3 (ACIDIC Cl
BROWN GAS) META PHOSPHORIC P
Cl
-Poisonous & show chemiluminescence
NO2+H2O→ HNO3 - Hypo phosphorous acid (H 3PO2) - cyclo metaphosphoric (HPO 3)3 3. Black
+4 (ACIDIC Cl P -Soluble in CS2 but insoluble in H
2
O
BLUE SOLID) Cl
REACTION WITH NON METALS Cl Cl Cl -Occurs in descrete units
P-H 2 - black p
Cl
+4 (ACIDIC
COLOURLESS I2+HNO3→ HIO3+NO2
P-OH 1 -Highly reactive due to angle strain - Prepar
GAS)
Basicity=1
In PCl5 gaseous & liquid phase -Fumes in air due to formation4Oof P Red P
P4+HNO3→ H3PO4+NO2 exist as trigonal bipyramidal
10

- Orthophosphorous acid (H 3PO3) -In basic medium,it disproportionate to - black p
+5 (ACIDIC S/SO2+HNO3→ H2SO4+NO2 In solid phase,it exist
COLOURLESS form PH & NaH2PO2 - Prepare
P-H 1 P-O-P Bond=3 as ionic crystal
3
GAS)
C + HNO3→ CO2+NO2 2 P-OH 3 white P a
P-OH
Basicity=2 Basicity=3 PCl 5→[PCl 4]+[PCl 6]- P4 + 3NaOH + 3H 2O → PH3 + 3NaH 2PO2




OXYGEN FAMILY
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS H
31
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OXOACIDS OF SULPHUR 3) Peroxo type Uses:
1.Act as a bleaching agent due to the
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COMPOUNDS OF CHL
1) Cl 2 Preparation : Comm
Electrom affinity/EGE
Electron affinity 1) Thionous type formation of nascent atomic hydrogen in
- Cl > F > Br > I Deacon‛s Proce
i) Peroxomono sulphuric acid H2O
- S > Se > Te > Po > O Oxidation State CuCl2
H2SO 5 HCl + 1/202 → H2O
i) Dithionous acid +3 - F shows only (-1) O.S. in its
(Caro‛s acid) SO3 compounds
723 K

H 2S 2 O 4 Properties
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (S2O42-) Properties - All other shows -ve & +ve O.S
Bond dissociation energy - Greenish yellow coloure
i) Peroxo disulphuric acid SO3
→ 6/2=3(3,0)
→ bent shape (120 ) o
- Cl 2 + H2O
Hydrides - Cl 2 > Br 2 > F 2 > I2 → HOCl + H
H2 S2 O 8 100% oleum/sulphan
→ liquid SO Bond dissociation energy of F 2 is




}
3 greenish yellow
ii) Dithionic acid +5 (Marshall‛s acid) colourless
lower than that of Cl 2 & Br 2 due - With NH 3
Bond Angle H 2S 2 O 6 ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR
to its inter electronic repulsion
H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te (S2O62-)
1) NH 3 + Cl 2 → NH4Cl
1) Rhombic Sulphur [ ] CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (excess)
H2SO4 -Exist in room temperature
1) Oxidising Power: 2) NH 3 + Cl 2 → NCl 3 +

Thermal Stability -Soluble in CS 2 but insoluble in H 2O