Bryman Chapter 7
The nature of quanttatte rerearch
The procerr of quanttatte rerearch
1. Theory
2. Hypotherir
3. Rerearch derign
4. Detire mearurer of conceptr
5. Select rerearch rite(r)
6. Select rerearch rubjectr/rerpondentr
7. Adminirter rerearch inrtrumentr (Ure of methodr, e.g. dirtributng a quertonnaire..)
8. Procerr Data (Data ir prepared ro it can be quantied)
9. Analyre Data (Interpretaton)
10. Findingr/Conclurion
11. Write up indingr/conclurion (contincing otherr of rigniicance and talidity of rerearch)
Feedback loop from 11 to 1 ar the indingr become part of the knowledge /theory
Conceptr and their mearurement
Conceptr are ‘categorier for the organizaton of obrertatonr and idear’
Conceptr need to be quantied and therefore a mearurement murt be found
Mearurement allowr to delineate ine diierencer, protider ur with a conrirtent detice to
make dirtnctonr and protider the barir for the rtudy of correlaton between conceptr
Indicator: indirect mearure of a concept, e.g. job ratrfacton, can be indirect (e.g. for
behatiour) or direct (e.g. for marriage)
Indicatorr can be found in many diierent rourcer and obrertatonr
More than one indicator may be ruitable, becaure it atoidr confurion, maker the quertonr
more precire with iner dirtnctonr
Conceptr can hate diierent dimenrionr, reteral arpectr rhould be conridered
multdimenrional proile
Reliability: Stability (tert-retert method), Internal Reliability (conrirtency of indicatorr that
male up a rcale or index, terted by Cronbach’r alpha)), Inter-rater Reliability
Validity: Doer a mearure of a concept really mearure thir concept?
Face Validity: Mearure apparently refectr the concept in querton
Concurrent Validity: Criterion on which carer are known to diier
Predictte Validity: Ure of future criterion mearure
Conrtruct Validity: Deducton of Hypotherer from a Theory reletant to the concept
Contergent Validity: Comparing mearurement of a concept to mearurementr pretiourly
ured trough other methodr
Mort mearurer are rimply arrerted
Reliability and talidity are related becaure talidity prerumer reliability (If the mearure ir not
reliable it cannot be talid)
Mearurement:
Mort obtiour preoccupaton of rerearcherr
Caurality
Explanaton of why thingr are ar they are
Independent (manipulated) and dependent tariabler
Directon of caural infuence within crorr-rectonal rerearch unclear
Inference that one tariable caurer the other murt be made
The nature of quanttatte rerearch
The procerr of quanttatte rerearch
1. Theory
2. Hypotherir
3. Rerearch derign
4. Detire mearurer of conceptr
5. Select rerearch rite(r)
6. Select rerearch rubjectr/rerpondentr
7. Adminirter rerearch inrtrumentr (Ure of methodr, e.g. dirtributng a quertonnaire..)
8. Procerr Data (Data ir prepared ro it can be quantied)
9. Analyre Data (Interpretaton)
10. Findingr/Conclurion
11. Write up indingr/conclurion (contincing otherr of rigniicance and talidity of rerearch)
Feedback loop from 11 to 1 ar the indingr become part of the knowledge /theory
Conceptr and their mearurement
Conceptr are ‘categorier for the organizaton of obrertatonr and idear’
Conceptr need to be quantied and therefore a mearurement murt be found
Mearurement allowr to delineate ine diierencer, protider ur with a conrirtent detice to
make dirtnctonr and protider the barir for the rtudy of correlaton between conceptr
Indicator: indirect mearure of a concept, e.g. job ratrfacton, can be indirect (e.g. for
behatiour) or direct (e.g. for marriage)
Indicatorr can be found in many diierent rourcer and obrertatonr
More than one indicator may be ruitable, becaure it atoidr confurion, maker the quertonr
more precire with iner dirtnctonr
Conceptr can hate diierent dimenrionr, reteral arpectr rhould be conridered
multdimenrional proile
Reliability: Stability (tert-retert method), Internal Reliability (conrirtency of indicatorr that
male up a rcale or index, terted by Cronbach’r alpha)), Inter-rater Reliability
Validity: Doer a mearure of a concept really mearure thir concept?
Face Validity: Mearure apparently refectr the concept in querton
Concurrent Validity: Criterion on which carer are known to diier
Predictte Validity: Ure of future criterion mearure
Conrtruct Validity: Deducton of Hypotherer from a Theory reletant to the concept
Contergent Validity: Comparing mearurement of a concept to mearurementr pretiourly
ured trough other methodr
Mort mearurer are rimply arrerted
Reliability and talidity are related becaure talidity prerumer reliability (If the mearure ir not
reliable it cannot be talid)
Mearurement:
Mort obtiour preoccupaton of rerearcherr
Caurality
Explanaton of why thingr are ar they are
Independent (manipulated) and dependent tariabler
Directon of caural infuence within crorr-rectonal rerearch unclear
Inference that one tariable caurer the other murt be made
