NRS 325 (UP) Exam 12023
definition of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to all functions carried
out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g., hormones, cytokines, and
neurotransmitters) and the way each cell produces an intracellular response
attributes of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS growth, reproduction,
proliferation, differentiation
What is cell proliferation? - CORRECT ANSWERS process by which cells divide
and reproduce
What is cell differentiation? - CORRECT ANSWERS the process by which
unspecialized cells (stem cells) develop into their mature forms and functions
what is cell replication? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 cell divides into 2 cells
What is a benign tumor? - CORRECT ANSWERS A non-cancerous tumor that does
not spread
what is a malignant tumor? - CORRECT ANSWERS A mass of cancer cells that can
spread.
It grows rapidly and spreads to other tissues.
What is atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of cells/tissue mass
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS stress response to increased
metabolic demands
- cells increase in size but not number, cells will likely not function normally
- causes effected tissues/organs to increase in size (swell) but decrease in
function
What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in number of cells, but not
in size (still under DNA control)
- causes swelling and decreased cell function
What is metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Transforms a cell from one type to
another; caused by external stimulus; can be reversible; less likely to lead to
cancer.
- Most commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium to another
- (ex. burning your esophagus from smoking could lead to the squamous epithelium
turning into columnar epithelium, but this will revert back to normal if you stop smoking)
,DNA STILL HAS CONTROL OVER DIFFERENTIATION
what is dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Transforms a cell into an abnormal
version of itself; caused by internal stimulus; is not reversible; more likely to lead
to cancer.
- (ex. changes in the cervix in response to continued irritation, such as from the human
papillomavirus (HPV))
LOSS OF DNA CONTROL over differentiation due to stress
what are characteristics of normal, functioning cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS - small,
uniformly-shaped nuclei with large cytoplasmic volume
- conformity in cell shape, size and arrangement
- cell membrane contains proper cell markers and shape
- undergo division and replication at appropriate times
what are characteristics of cancer cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS - large, variably
shaped nuclei with small cytoplasmic volume
- variation/disorganization in cell shape, size and arrangement
- loss of specialized cell features, elevated expression of cell membrane markers
- cell division occurs rapidly and at inappropriate times
what is intestinal metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS - occurs in the esophagus
- mucosa cell type changes (could be due to chronic acid reflux)
- could lead to difficulty swallowing, inflammation, possibly cancer
What is left ventricular hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS - increase in the size of
the cells increasing the size of the left ventricle
- could lead to heart arrhythmia/palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, shortness of breath
(especially while lying down)
- could be caused by high blood pressure
what is cerebral atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of nerve cells (neurons) in
the brain and the connections between them
- could be caused by alzhiemers, stroke, traumatic brain injury, etc
- could lead to memory loss, loss of sensation/paralysis, loss of vision/hearing,
disturbance/loss of speaking abilities (aphasia)
what is benign prostatic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS enlargement of the
prostate gland due to an increase in prostate cell size
- could be caused by hormone changes due to age
- could lead to urinary frequency/urgency/incontinence, inability to fully empty
bladder, etc
, _________ cells are rarely encapsulated, while _______ cells are most always
encapsulated - CORRECT ANSWERS malignant, benign
________ cells are normally differentiated, while _______ cells are poorly differentiated
- CORRECT ANSWERS benign, malignant
malignant cells are (capable/incapable) of metastasis, while benign cells are
(capable/incapable) of metastasis - CORRECT ANSWERS capable, incapable
it is (rare/possible) for a benign tumor to come back, while is is more (rare/possible) for
a malignant tumor to reoccur - CORRECT ANSWERS rare, possible
malignant cells are (like/unlike) their parent cells - CORRECT ANSWERS unlike
risk factors for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - increased age
- lifestyle: nutrition, diet, physical activity, alcohol/tobacco/drug intake
- Exposures: UV radiation, chemicals/pollutants in environment, work conditions that
lead to harmful exposures
- Chronic inflammation: Infections, stress, chronic conditions
Primary prevention for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - healthy diet
- regular physical activity
- smoking cessation
- avoidance of UV exposure
- prophylactic surgery
what is prophylactic surgery? - CORRECT ANSWERS Removal of nonvital tissues /
organs that are increased risk for cancer
- ex. mastectomy, hysterectomy, etc
secondary prevention for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - mammogram
- prostate-specific antigen PSA test (tests for hormones that are produced by prostate to
see if levels are abnormally elevated)
- colonoscopy
- guaiac test for occult blood (looks for abnormal blood in stool sample)
Diagnostic testing for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Pathology: providing sample of
cells/tissue
- biopsy, cytology, bone marrow aspiration
Imaging: creating an image of structures without going into the body
- CT, MRI, PET, mammogram, ultrasound
Direct Visualization Tests: see the area of interest with a camera/naked eye
- skins tests, colonoscopy, endoscopy
definition of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to all functions carried
out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g., hormones, cytokines, and
neurotransmitters) and the way each cell produces an intracellular response
attributes of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS growth, reproduction,
proliferation, differentiation
What is cell proliferation? - CORRECT ANSWERS process by which cells divide
and reproduce
What is cell differentiation? - CORRECT ANSWERS the process by which
unspecialized cells (stem cells) develop into their mature forms and functions
what is cell replication? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 cell divides into 2 cells
What is a benign tumor? - CORRECT ANSWERS A non-cancerous tumor that does
not spread
what is a malignant tumor? - CORRECT ANSWERS A mass of cancer cells that can
spread.
It grows rapidly and spreads to other tissues.
What is atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of cells/tissue mass
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS stress response to increased
metabolic demands
- cells increase in size but not number, cells will likely not function normally
- causes effected tissues/organs to increase in size (swell) but decrease in
function
What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in number of cells, but not
in size (still under DNA control)
- causes swelling and decreased cell function
What is metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Transforms a cell from one type to
another; caused by external stimulus; can be reversible; less likely to lead to
cancer.
- Most commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium to another
- (ex. burning your esophagus from smoking could lead to the squamous epithelium
turning into columnar epithelium, but this will revert back to normal if you stop smoking)
,DNA STILL HAS CONTROL OVER DIFFERENTIATION
what is dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Transforms a cell into an abnormal
version of itself; caused by internal stimulus; is not reversible; more likely to lead
to cancer.
- (ex. changes in the cervix in response to continued irritation, such as from the human
papillomavirus (HPV))
LOSS OF DNA CONTROL over differentiation due to stress
what are characteristics of normal, functioning cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS - small,
uniformly-shaped nuclei with large cytoplasmic volume
- conformity in cell shape, size and arrangement
- cell membrane contains proper cell markers and shape
- undergo division and replication at appropriate times
what are characteristics of cancer cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS - large, variably
shaped nuclei with small cytoplasmic volume
- variation/disorganization in cell shape, size and arrangement
- loss of specialized cell features, elevated expression of cell membrane markers
- cell division occurs rapidly and at inappropriate times
what is intestinal metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS - occurs in the esophagus
- mucosa cell type changes (could be due to chronic acid reflux)
- could lead to difficulty swallowing, inflammation, possibly cancer
What is left ventricular hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS - increase in the size of
the cells increasing the size of the left ventricle
- could lead to heart arrhythmia/palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, shortness of breath
(especially while lying down)
- could be caused by high blood pressure
what is cerebral atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of nerve cells (neurons) in
the brain and the connections between them
- could be caused by alzhiemers, stroke, traumatic brain injury, etc
- could lead to memory loss, loss of sensation/paralysis, loss of vision/hearing,
disturbance/loss of speaking abilities (aphasia)
what is benign prostatic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS enlargement of the
prostate gland due to an increase in prostate cell size
- could be caused by hormone changes due to age
- could lead to urinary frequency/urgency/incontinence, inability to fully empty
bladder, etc
, _________ cells are rarely encapsulated, while _______ cells are most always
encapsulated - CORRECT ANSWERS malignant, benign
________ cells are normally differentiated, while _______ cells are poorly differentiated
- CORRECT ANSWERS benign, malignant
malignant cells are (capable/incapable) of metastasis, while benign cells are
(capable/incapable) of metastasis - CORRECT ANSWERS capable, incapable
it is (rare/possible) for a benign tumor to come back, while is is more (rare/possible) for
a malignant tumor to reoccur - CORRECT ANSWERS rare, possible
malignant cells are (like/unlike) their parent cells - CORRECT ANSWERS unlike
risk factors for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - increased age
- lifestyle: nutrition, diet, physical activity, alcohol/tobacco/drug intake
- Exposures: UV radiation, chemicals/pollutants in environment, work conditions that
lead to harmful exposures
- Chronic inflammation: Infections, stress, chronic conditions
Primary prevention for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - healthy diet
- regular physical activity
- smoking cessation
- avoidance of UV exposure
- prophylactic surgery
what is prophylactic surgery? - CORRECT ANSWERS Removal of nonvital tissues /
organs that are increased risk for cancer
- ex. mastectomy, hysterectomy, etc
secondary prevention for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - mammogram
- prostate-specific antigen PSA test (tests for hormones that are produced by prostate to
see if levels are abnormally elevated)
- colonoscopy
- guaiac test for occult blood (looks for abnormal blood in stool sample)
Diagnostic testing for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Pathology: providing sample of
cells/tissue
- biopsy, cytology, bone marrow aspiration
Imaging: creating an image of structures without going into the body
- CT, MRI, PET, mammogram, ultrasound
Direct Visualization Tests: see the area of interest with a camera/naked eye
- skins tests, colonoscopy, endoscopy
