VTNE Practice Graded A+
Ancylostoma causes which zoonotic disease in humans?
A) Ocular larva migrans
B) Crohn's disease
C) Visceral larva migrans
D) Cutaneous larva migrans
D) Cutaneous larva migrans
Explanation - Ancylostoma is a hookworm and is the most common cause of Cutaneous larva migrans.
This is an intestinal parasite of dogs and cats. In this zoonotic disease, the parasite burrows under the
skin in humans.
Ocular and Visceral larva migrans are caused by Toxocara canis (roundworm).
Crohn's disease is a type of severe inflammatory bowel disease in people with no correlation to our
pet patients
Why should atropine, a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine receptors, be used cautiously in
horses (i.e. what is a major side effect of the drug)?
A) Excessive use can result in intestinal stasis (colic)
B) Excessive use can result in bradycardia
C) Excessive use can result in diarrhea
D) Excessive use can result in intense constriction of the pupil
A) Excessive use can result in intestinal stasis (colic)
Explanation - Atropine is commonly used topically to dilate the pupil in horses with uveitis; with
excessive administration, atropine can cause intestinal motility to decrease, possibly resulting in
abdominal pain (colic) in the horse. Atropine is also used to increase the heart rate during general
anesthesia
How many milliliters of dextrose should be added to a 60 ml syringe of 0.9% NaCl to make a 2.5%
dextrose solution? The patient weighs 20 kg, and the dextrose in the hospital comes in a 50%
concentration.
A) 0.6 ml
B) 1.5 ml
C) 3 ml
D) 36 ml
E) 120 ml
C) 3 ml
Explanation - To answer this question, use the following equation:
C(1)V(1) = C(2)V(2)
C is the concentration
V is the volume
C(1) =0.025
V(1) = 60 ml
C(2) = 0.50
V(2) = x
0.025(60)= 0.50x
x = 3 ml
Note that the body weight is completely unnecessary to calculate the answer to this problem.
200 ml of 25% dextrose should be added to one liter in order to make a 5% solution.
,In dogs, which of the following are all permanent teeth with 2 roots?
A) Maxillary premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
B) Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
C) Maxillary molars 1 and 2
D) Mandibular premolar 1 and molars
B) Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
2 and 3
Explanation - While exceptions do occur, the following are generally accepted and true. In dogs, all of
the permanent incisors and canine teeth have 1 root. In the mandible, premolar (PM) 1 has one root.
PM 2, 3, and 4 all have two roots. M 1 and 2 have two roots. M3 can have one or two roots. In the
maxilla, PM 1 has one root. PM 2 and 3 have two roots, although PM 3 can sometimes have 3 roots.
PM 4 and M1 and 2 all have 3 roots.
Which disease occurs when the body is unable to make or utilize insulin?
A) Cushing's disease
B) Diabetes
C) Addison's disease
D) Pancreatitis
E) Hyperandrogenism
B) Diabetes
Explanation - Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not make insulin or when there is
insulin resistance such that the body is unable to utilize insulin.
Which cranial nerve is known for three major branches?
A) CN I
B) CN V
C) CN XI
D) CN XII
B) CN V
Explanation - Cranial nerve V (five) is the Trigeminal nerve and has three major branches:
First branch: Ophthalmic nerve- sensory to the eye socket and its contents, the anterior nasal cavity,
and the skin of the nose and forehead.
Second branch: Maxillary nerve- sensory to maxilla, nasal cavity/sinuses, palate, and part of the face.
Third branch: Mandibular nerve (the largest branch)- sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the
mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the lower teeth, and supplies motor fibers to the
muscles of mastication (note: that this is the only branch that supplies motor function).
A patient who has stopped breathing after administration of a short-acting anesthetic can be
described as being which of the following?
A) Eupneic
B) Atelectic
C) Dyspneic
D) Apneic
D) Apneic
,Explanation - This patient would be apneic, which means the patient is not breathing. Dyspnea implies
difficulty breathing. Eupnea is normal respiration. Atelectasis is the description given to collapsed
lungs
Which condition occurs least commonly in the horse?
A) Laminitis
B) Intestinal incarceration
C) Enterolithiasis
D) Urolithiasis
D) Urolithiasis
Explanation - As compared to small animals, urolithiasis is uncommon in horses. If they do develop
stones in their bladder, it is usually secondary to formation of calcium oxalate crystals. Enterolithiasis
and intestinal incarcerations are common reasons for colic in horses and usually require surgical
intervention. Laminitis is a very serious and often life-threatening condition in horses. The
pathophysiology of laminitis is poorly understood but involves inflammation of the lamina of the feet.
It can involve all feet or even just one foot. There are multiple conditions that can lead to laminitis,
such as endotoxemia, grain overload, and pneumonia.
What is another method, besides drawing from the tail vein, to blood draw in a laboratory rat?
A) Cephalic vein
B) Periorbital plexus
C) Jugular vein
D) Anterior vena cava
B) Periorbital plexus
Explanation - The periorbital plexus can be used in sedated rats to collect small blood samples using a
hematocrit tube. The other methods are not used in laboratory rats
A 12-pound cat has presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and is currently in shock. The doctor orders
that a 40 ml/kg bolus of 0.9% saline be administered. How many milliliters will this patient receive?
A) 220 ml
B) 9 ml
C) 480 ml
D) 36 ml
A) 220 ml
Explanation - The body weight needs to be converted to kilograms.
12 lb / (2.2 lb/kg) = 5.5 kg
5.5 kg x (40 ml/kg) = 220 ml
Which of the following is a term for a method of urine collection from a patient in a sterile manner?
A) Cystotomy
B) Cystocentesis
C) Cystogram
D) Free catch
B) Cystocentesis
, Explanation - Cystocentesis involves the sterile introduction of a needle into the bladder for collection
of urine. A free catch is the opportunistic collection of urine from a voiding patient. This urine is not
sterile because it becomes contaminated as it exits the urethra. A cystotomy is an incision into the
bladder. A cystogram is a radiographic contrast study of the bladder
Which species is particularly aggressive when with her young, and extreme caution must be used?
A) Cows
B) Sows
C) Ewes
D) Mares
B) Sows
Explanation - In general, pigs are a more aggressive species. The lactating sow is particularly
dangerous; and when handling piglets, it is best to remove the sow to a separate area where she
cannot hear her piglets
Rabbits are prone to hairballs. What is the medical term for a hairball?
A) Phytobezoar
B) Dermatophyte
C) Trichobezoar
D) Piloerection
C) Trichobezoar
Explanation - Tricho refers to hair, bezoar is the compaction, "ball" that can result from different
substances.
Phytobezoar is a "plant - ball".
Piloerection is used to describe when hair stands up. Like when a cat or dog is fearfull.
Dermatophyte is the general term for skin fungus
What is the average toxic dose of theobromine in dogs?
A) 60-100 mg/kg
B) 150-200 mg/kg
C) 10-15 mg/kg
D) 0.5-2 mg/kg
A) 60-100 mg/kg
Explanation - The LD50 toxic dose of theobromine in dogs which many texts list is 100-150 mg/kg, and
may be the correct answer if listed as a choice. HOWEVER, this means that about 50% of pets die at
this level; therefore, obviously the true toxic dose would be lower than this. In some sensitive pets,
toxic doses could as low as 20 mg/kg. On average, the toxic dose is likely somewhere between 60-100
mg/kg
What adverse side effect can occur in cats given metoclopramide?
A) Cyanosis
B) Dilated and fixed pupils
C) Aggressive behavior
D) Estrus behavior
C) Aggressive behavior
Ancylostoma causes which zoonotic disease in humans?
A) Ocular larva migrans
B) Crohn's disease
C) Visceral larva migrans
D) Cutaneous larva migrans
D) Cutaneous larva migrans
Explanation - Ancylostoma is a hookworm and is the most common cause of Cutaneous larva migrans.
This is an intestinal parasite of dogs and cats. In this zoonotic disease, the parasite burrows under the
skin in humans.
Ocular and Visceral larva migrans are caused by Toxocara canis (roundworm).
Crohn's disease is a type of severe inflammatory bowel disease in people with no correlation to our
pet patients
Why should atropine, a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine receptors, be used cautiously in
horses (i.e. what is a major side effect of the drug)?
A) Excessive use can result in intestinal stasis (colic)
B) Excessive use can result in bradycardia
C) Excessive use can result in diarrhea
D) Excessive use can result in intense constriction of the pupil
A) Excessive use can result in intestinal stasis (colic)
Explanation - Atropine is commonly used topically to dilate the pupil in horses with uveitis; with
excessive administration, atropine can cause intestinal motility to decrease, possibly resulting in
abdominal pain (colic) in the horse. Atropine is also used to increase the heart rate during general
anesthesia
How many milliliters of dextrose should be added to a 60 ml syringe of 0.9% NaCl to make a 2.5%
dextrose solution? The patient weighs 20 kg, and the dextrose in the hospital comes in a 50%
concentration.
A) 0.6 ml
B) 1.5 ml
C) 3 ml
D) 36 ml
E) 120 ml
C) 3 ml
Explanation - To answer this question, use the following equation:
C(1)V(1) = C(2)V(2)
C is the concentration
V is the volume
C(1) =0.025
V(1) = 60 ml
C(2) = 0.50
V(2) = x
0.025(60)= 0.50x
x = 3 ml
Note that the body weight is completely unnecessary to calculate the answer to this problem.
200 ml of 25% dextrose should be added to one liter in order to make a 5% solution.
,In dogs, which of the following are all permanent teeth with 2 roots?
A) Maxillary premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
B) Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
C) Maxillary molars 1 and 2
D) Mandibular premolar 1 and molars
B) Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
2 and 3
Explanation - While exceptions do occur, the following are generally accepted and true. In dogs, all of
the permanent incisors and canine teeth have 1 root. In the mandible, premolar (PM) 1 has one root.
PM 2, 3, and 4 all have two roots. M 1 and 2 have two roots. M3 can have one or two roots. In the
maxilla, PM 1 has one root. PM 2 and 3 have two roots, although PM 3 can sometimes have 3 roots.
PM 4 and M1 and 2 all have 3 roots.
Which disease occurs when the body is unable to make or utilize insulin?
A) Cushing's disease
B) Diabetes
C) Addison's disease
D) Pancreatitis
E) Hyperandrogenism
B) Diabetes
Explanation - Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not make insulin or when there is
insulin resistance such that the body is unable to utilize insulin.
Which cranial nerve is known for three major branches?
A) CN I
B) CN V
C) CN XI
D) CN XII
B) CN V
Explanation - Cranial nerve V (five) is the Trigeminal nerve and has three major branches:
First branch: Ophthalmic nerve- sensory to the eye socket and its contents, the anterior nasal cavity,
and the skin of the nose and forehead.
Second branch: Maxillary nerve- sensory to maxilla, nasal cavity/sinuses, palate, and part of the face.
Third branch: Mandibular nerve (the largest branch)- sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the
mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the lower teeth, and supplies motor fibers to the
muscles of mastication (note: that this is the only branch that supplies motor function).
A patient who has stopped breathing after administration of a short-acting anesthetic can be
described as being which of the following?
A) Eupneic
B) Atelectic
C) Dyspneic
D) Apneic
D) Apneic
,Explanation - This patient would be apneic, which means the patient is not breathing. Dyspnea implies
difficulty breathing. Eupnea is normal respiration. Atelectasis is the description given to collapsed
lungs
Which condition occurs least commonly in the horse?
A) Laminitis
B) Intestinal incarceration
C) Enterolithiasis
D) Urolithiasis
D) Urolithiasis
Explanation - As compared to small animals, urolithiasis is uncommon in horses. If they do develop
stones in their bladder, it is usually secondary to formation of calcium oxalate crystals. Enterolithiasis
and intestinal incarcerations are common reasons for colic in horses and usually require surgical
intervention. Laminitis is a very serious and often life-threatening condition in horses. The
pathophysiology of laminitis is poorly understood but involves inflammation of the lamina of the feet.
It can involve all feet or even just one foot. There are multiple conditions that can lead to laminitis,
such as endotoxemia, grain overload, and pneumonia.
What is another method, besides drawing from the tail vein, to blood draw in a laboratory rat?
A) Cephalic vein
B) Periorbital plexus
C) Jugular vein
D) Anterior vena cava
B) Periorbital plexus
Explanation - The periorbital plexus can be used in sedated rats to collect small blood samples using a
hematocrit tube. The other methods are not used in laboratory rats
A 12-pound cat has presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and is currently in shock. The doctor orders
that a 40 ml/kg bolus of 0.9% saline be administered. How many milliliters will this patient receive?
A) 220 ml
B) 9 ml
C) 480 ml
D) 36 ml
A) 220 ml
Explanation - The body weight needs to be converted to kilograms.
12 lb / (2.2 lb/kg) = 5.5 kg
5.5 kg x (40 ml/kg) = 220 ml
Which of the following is a term for a method of urine collection from a patient in a sterile manner?
A) Cystotomy
B) Cystocentesis
C) Cystogram
D) Free catch
B) Cystocentesis
, Explanation - Cystocentesis involves the sterile introduction of a needle into the bladder for collection
of urine. A free catch is the opportunistic collection of urine from a voiding patient. This urine is not
sterile because it becomes contaminated as it exits the urethra. A cystotomy is an incision into the
bladder. A cystogram is a radiographic contrast study of the bladder
Which species is particularly aggressive when with her young, and extreme caution must be used?
A) Cows
B) Sows
C) Ewes
D) Mares
B) Sows
Explanation - In general, pigs are a more aggressive species. The lactating sow is particularly
dangerous; and when handling piglets, it is best to remove the sow to a separate area where she
cannot hear her piglets
Rabbits are prone to hairballs. What is the medical term for a hairball?
A) Phytobezoar
B) Dermatophyte
C) Trichobezoar
D) Piloerection
C) Trichobezoar
Explanation - Tricho refers to hair, bezoar is the compaction, "ball" that can result from different
substances.
Phytobezoar is a "plant - ball".
Piloerection is used to describe when hair stands up. Like when a cat or dog is fearfull.
Dermatophyte is the general term for skin fungus
What is the average toxic dose of theobromine in dogs?
A) 60-100 mg/kg
B) 150-200 mg/kg
C) 10-15 mg/kg
D) 0.5-2 mg/kg
A) 60-100 mg/kg
Explanation - The LD50 toxic dose of theobromine in dogs which many texts list is 100-150 mg/kg, and
may be the correct answer if listed as a choice. HOWEVER, this means that about 50% of pets die at
this level; therefore, obviously the true toxic dose would be lower than this. In some sensitive pets,
toxic doses could as low as 20 mg/kg. On average, the toxic dose is likely somewhere between 60-100
mg/kg
What adverse side effect can occur in cats given metoclopramide?
A) Cyanosis
B) Dilated and fixed pupils
C) Aggressive behavior
D) Estrus behavior
C) Aggressive behavior
