LAT Laboratory Animal Technician Exam Questions And Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

LAT Laboratory Animal Technician Exam Questions And Answers Solved 100% Correct!! U.S. Government provides approximately how much in research/development funds spent by college and university? 2/3 What information is important on grant applications to request funds? Detailed description of research goals, scientific basis of study, and review of relevant literature and all procedures to be performed What is the difference between NIH & NSF? NIH: primary granting agency: academia, federal agencies, biomedical research NSF: Basic research in math, medicine, and biology The USDA stands for what? United States Department of Agriculture The USDA is responsible for what? Enforces and amends AWA Auction, sale, exhibit, transport, breeding, or conduct of research with animals Animals exempt from AWA Research institutions mst register with Supply annual reports Inspection records through the FOIA Unscheduled inspection once per year What does the FOIA stand for? Freedom of Information Act - provides the USDA's inspection records What is the Public Health Service Policy? Institutions which receive funding from PHS and NIH must follow these guidelines, requires filing of an Amimal Welfare Assurance document that demonstrates the institution is following the Guid, PHS policy, AWA, and any other applicable laws The FDA has many responsibilites including: Assures that new drugs and medical devices are safe and effective before approved for use in humans Monitors drug approval Includes human, and veterinary drugs, food, and medical devices Requires that effectiveness be demonstrated through well controlled investigations What is GLP? Good Laboratory Practices Established in 1978 with implementation of laboratory audits and inspection programs Details requirements for QA and SOPs What is the importance of importation and transportations regulations? For the protection of humans and environment from potential disease carrying organisms Which agencies control importation? CDC, USDA, and US Fish & Wildlife Service Institutional polices are established for: facility operations care and use procedures veterinary support physical plant Standard operating procedures relate to: wall aspects of animal care and support personnel management health surveillance of animals and personnel equipment investigators What are the functions of IACUCs and who mandates? mandated by AWA, PHS policy, and the Guide Review and approve protocols for animal use Review animal use program and perform animal facilities inspections at least every 6 months What has to happen before animal research can begin? principal investigator provides written details of how animals will be used in the research project IACUC must review all protocols using animals and must approve all protocols before any animal research can begin What does the IACUC determine? Can deny permission ro start a project can stop a research peoject Ensures compliance with regulations Reviews complete protocols at least every 3 years; reviews updates to protocols yearly What is the AAALAC, International? Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International Non-profit organization that provides a mechanism for peer review of animal care and use programs by scientific community Detailed application with information on facilities, procedures, programs, and research animals to use Annual report must be submitted to AAALAC on status of animal care program Site inspection and program evaluation every 3 years Why is it important to keep accurate, up-to-date records? Determine if procedures are followed according to established standards Determine whether environmental controls are properly maintained Improve facility efficiency and effectivness What is PHS Policy? All assurance records related directly to grant applications, research proposals, and changes of research activities 3yrs after completion Centralized Serves all the institution's animal care needs; 1 director for entire institution; All personnel associated with the animal facility; All other purchases, per diem, depreciation, inventories, operational costs, and supplies Decentralized Each department has own animal facility and operating budget; each department has own animals, supplies, equipment and animal care staffing Direct costs Salaries, fringe benefits, equipment, supplies, and operational exprenses (depend on # animals being housed) Indirect Costs physical plant, energy costs, depreciation, heating rooms Cost Centers Cage washing, laboratory services Why is cost accounting important? Individulal costs used for projecting future cost; comparisons reveal areas in which costs can be reduced; per diem components (expense to maintain 1 animal for 1 day) Calculating per diem charges Internal direct costs are incurred for the husbandry of animals and for other services provided by the animal facility for the benefits of special projects If total costs of maintaining a colony of cats is $27,375 over a 1 year period and the average daily census is 25 cats, what is the per diem charge needed to recover these costs? Divide $27,375 by 365 and multiply the result by 25 = 3.00 What are somethings to keep in mind when considering injection techniques? Injections with needles and syringes used to administer various substances; syringe construction and sizes; considerations for blood withdrawal; proper disposal, common routes of injection Intramuscular Injection (IM) Generally given in hind legs (most desirable site is large muscle mass); alternative site are the muscles posterior to femur; do not inject too much material Intraperitoneal Injection (IP) Given in lower right quadrant of abdomen (avoid bladder and cecum); Slight resistance may be encountered; Aspirate prior to injection (Yellow= bladder; greenish = intestine or cecum; Blood = blood vessel) Intradermal Injection (ID) Given into thick dermal skin layer; 25 guage needle typically used; Needle directed at 20 - 30 degree andle into skin; only small quantity of fluid can be injected (0.1-0.2 ml) Subcutaneous Injection Placed in the more vascular space between skin and underlying muscle; large area subcutaneous tissue exposed by raising a tent of skin; entering the injection site then 0 resistance; precautions - hand puncture, inject out other side Intravenous Injection (IV) IV access sites in common lab animals; site preparation (disinfect); Use pressure to disten the vessel; Insert needle at 30 degree angle to skin; removing the needle - apply pressure Blood collection techniques are used as... aid to diagnose disease: Collection site and amount determined by species and test type Blood Collection Techniques - Dog Cephalic, saphenous, femoral or jugular vein Blood Collection Techniques - G.Pig Heart, saphenous or ear vein Blood Collection Techniques - Monkey Cephalic, saphenous, femoral or jugular vein Blood Collection Techniques - Mouse/Rat Heart, saphenous or tail vein, orbital sinus Blood Collection Techniques - Rabbit Heart, Ear vein, orbital sinus Blood Collection Techniques - Hamster heart, orbital sinus Intraarterial - Blood collection Auricular artery frequently used for blood collection in rabbit (artery easily visible; large quantities of blood can be obtained); Same technique as intravenous; Apply pressure to artery after needle withdrawal Retro-Orbital - Blood Collection Used for animals that do not have large veins; limited to rodents with large venous sinus or plexus posterior to the erye; animals typically under anesthesia; allow puncture vessel to clot and then pplace opthalmic ointment into the eye Saphenous - Blood Collection To collect small samples from rodents, blood collected into a capillary tube; anesthesia not required; multiple samples collected in same day Cardiac Puncture - Blood collection Needle placed through chest wall and into heart; withdraw blood slowly, dangerous procedure (must use general anesthesia, fatal in some animals, animal euthanized after procedure Tail Transection - Blood Collection Method used to collect several drops of blood from mice or rats; controversial; justification for use may be required; Anesthesia recommended for animals older than weaning age Blood Volume Total Blood Volume = 6% of body weight (varies depening on species, age, sex, etc.); Guideline used when sampling frequently (volume equal to no more than 1% of an animal's body weight can be taken every two weeks; ie: 3kg rabbit = 30ml blood Gastric Intubation (Gavage) Most often used for rodents but can be used in larger animals; Gavage tupe attached to hypodermic syringe; hold animal in proper position Insert tube at approximately 45 degree angle (do not force tube); withdraw and start again if resistance is met while inserting the tube; use gag to prevent chewing of tube; avoid trachea; Ginea pig and Chinchilla - palatal ostium Genetics the science of heredity; to breed lab animals successfully, basic knowledge of genetics and reproduction is required; breeding system selected must met the requirements of the research program for which the animals are being bred and must correlate with the behavioral characteristics of the species Heredity hereditary characteristics are determined by units called genes, carried on chromosomes; genes are transmitted from 1 generation to the next, through asexual or sexual reproduction; genes are found in cell nuclei and composed of DNA; Every characteristic of an organism, from hair color to heart size, is determined by parental genes Homozygote (Homozygous) When both genes of a pair are the same for that gene: AA/aa Heterozygote (Heterozygote) When genes at the same locus are different for that gene Ploidy The number of copies of each chromosome in a cell; diploid = 2 copies (animals a lot of times have diploid); Haploid= 1 copy (sperm and egg cells) Locus the specific location of a gene of a chromosome Alleles different forms of the same gene at a given locus; Within a species, there may be dozens of alleles for a given gene. Thus, an animal often has 2 different forms (alleles) of the same gene, 1 inherited from each parent DNA Review Chemical structure containing the blueprint for the organizm; shaped like a double helix; contained within the nucleus of the cell; passed to next generation in sperm and ova (gametes); subject to changes known as mutations, produced naturally, or experimentally Gene Expression Single genes may affect more than one trait; but many genes may influence the expression of a single trait such as hair growth and color Gene Inheritance Use of a punnett square helps identify all possible ways that offspring can inherit an allele from each parent Gene Linkage Genes on the same chromosome are physically linked to each other and are usually inherited together; Genes on the same chromosome are inherited separately, because of cross over; genes located on different chromosomes are not linked Strain vs. Stock Nomenclature Inbred strains are designated by capital letters or a combination of capital letters and numbers; Substrain = line number and/or name of the person or the lab developing substrain Substrain Line number and/or name of the person or the lab developing substrain: symbol is separated from it by a diagnoal; A/J indicated the A strain of mouse bred by Jackson Lab Reproduction and Breeding basics Female's reproductive cycle goes through estrous; each cycle has 4 stages What are the 4 stages does a female's reproductive system cycle through during estrous? Proestrus, Estrus, Mestestrus, Diestrus Anestrus is... the long period of time between breeding seasons Ovulation occurs when... When eggs or ova (ovum) are released from ovaries Sex hormones are produced naturally in both males and females as they mature and influence many "reproductive' traits including what anatomical features? Decent of testes, development of mammary glands, mating behavior Sex hormones, known as _________, can be injected into females to do what? Gonadotropins; when injected it can mimic or interrupt or synchronize natural production or cause superoverulation What is superovulation? Induction of ovulation can be accomplished by IP injection of reproductive hormones (such as FSH and LH); treatment varies with species; ie) FSH Follicle stimulating hormone - prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy LH Leutinizing hormone - causes the release of eggs from What is superovulation? Induction of ovulation can be accomplished by IP injection of reproductive hormones (such as FSH and LH); treatment varies with species; ie)in mice, LH is given 46-48 hrs after FSH What is superovulation used for? Technique used to collect many eggs from the same female Gestation period is... Time from fertilization to birth or parturition; known as pregnancy; period is specific to each species; can vary between strains Pseudopregnancy Female mates with sterile male (possibly vasectomized; fetilization does not occur; Act of copulation stimulates female to release hormones in preparation to become pregnant; Females show signs of pregnancy, including release of ova, but no embryos result since there are no sperm and thus no offspring produced; brief since unfertilized ova do not implant in the uterus (in mice up to 14 days of typical 21 days Artificial Insemination and In Vitro Fertilization Collection of sperm or eggs/embryos; necessary for production of some genetically engineered mice; Important for rederivation to eliminate certain diseases from a colony; Technique requires precise timing based on knowledge of reproductive cycles Egg and Embryo Collection Removal of early stage embryos up to a few days old from the reproductive tract yields embryos for DNA injection or freezing (cryo-preservation); Taking later stage embryos, as pictured, enables study of development and when it goes awry; Performed surgically (for survival) and non-surgically (mice are euthanized); Survival (large animals) Non-survival (rodents); Oocytes can also be collected from females that have not been mated (from the ovary or oviduct). Vaginal Cytology Can identify stages of the estrous cycle by examining cells taken from the vaginal wall; Samples are collected through scraping or washing; The stages of the estrous cycle are