Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265(Lesson Questions and terms)Correctly Answered!!

Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265(Lesson Questions and terms)Correctly Answered!! Which sentence is a non-proposition? - If the burglar did not go out the front door, they must have gone out a window. - The earth is the third planet from the sun. - Where are the keys to my car? - Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. Where are the keys to my car? Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where is the president right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed. In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition? - Where is the president right now? - Did the company really close that deal? - Let's go ask whether the deal was closed. - It has had a great year. It has had a great year. Propositions Statements that can be true or false. Non-propositions Sentences that are not statements about matters of fact (or fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or false. Which sentence expresses a complex proposition? - Birthday parties can be really fun. - The cat ate the food, but did not like it. - Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the United States. - Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible? The cat ate the food, but did not like it. If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity. Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into the simple propositions? - If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one. The company will not be able to keep up productivity. - The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity. - The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity. - The company does not have enough computers. The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity. Simple propositions Simple propositions have no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own. Complex propositions Complex propositions have internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false. If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness? Nobody likes a 7 a.m. start time, but it was in the job description. We should remind the new employee how important this is. Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph? - The new employee wants to succeed. - How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness? - The employees look out for each other. - If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. The new employee wants to succeed. The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of us. Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care. What can be done to improve this? If changes are not made soon, the problem will only get worse. Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph? - Many people are not sure where they can go to get care. - The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of us. - What can be done to improve this? - Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care. Many people are not sure where they can go to get care. Bad inferential structure Every argument with the same structure as this argument is bad (invalid or weak). The premises do not, in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other words, we can accept the premises as true without being compelled to accept the conclusion. There is something wrong with this argument's general structure. False premise This particular argument has a premise/assumption that is false. There is something wrong with this argument's particular content. Conclusion Indicators Therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result Premise Indicators Because, for, given that, in that, as, since, as indicated by "Since we cannot go out until the restaurant opens, and given that we are trying to save money, we should just hang out here until closer to dinner." Which statements are the premises of the following argument? Choose 2 answers. - We cannot go out until the restaurant opens. - We are trying to save money. - We should just hang out here until closer to dinner. - We can have a good time without spending money. - We cannot go out until the restaurant opens. - We are trying to save money. Most students in the class scored less than 70% on the exam. This means that the exam was too difficult to accurately assess student learning. Therefore, as exams are supposed to accurately assess student learning, the exam must be revised and readministered. Which statement is the conclusion of the above argument? - The exam must be revised and readministered. - Some students in the class scored higher than 70% on the exam. - Exams are supposed to accurately assess student learning. - Most students in the class scored less than 70% on the exam. The exam must be revised and readministered. Which sentences are arguments? Choose 2 answers. - We know the student cheated on the exam because the instructor caught the student stealing glances at their neighbor's test. - The student only cheated on the exam because their financial aid depended on it. - No one has ever been to the moon, so we do not know that it is not made of cheese. - If you suspect you have been infected with rabies, then you should contact a medical professional immediately. - We know the student cheated on the exam because the instructor caught the student stealing glances at their neighbor's test. - No one has ever been to the moon, so we do not know that it is not made of cheese. Which pairs of sentences are arguments? Choose 2 answers. - Every time I walk by here, Chris is doing nothing. Chris must not do anything with the available time. - We need to act now to reverse greenhouse gas emissions. If we do not, the earth will soon become inhospitable to human life. - John Lennon was shot and killed. So were Bobby Kennedy and his brother John. - One student cheated on the test. But it was only because the student felt ill prepared. - Every time I walk by here, Chris is doing nothing. Chris must not do anything with the available time. - We need to act now to reverse greenhouse gas emissions. If we do not, the earth will soon become inhospitable to human life. I just heard the news about Riley's car. It was vandalized last Saturday. There is no doubt Jordan did it. I went to the bowling alley that night. I bowled a 160! Anyway, I saw Jordan there and, although it was barely noticeable, I definitely saw paint on Jordan's shirt. It is unlikely there would be paint on Jordan's shirt unless Jordan had spray-painted Riley's car. It is a shame, really, since it was such a nice shirt. It was the green one. Oh, and you know Jordan has motive. After all, Jordan has a well-known grudge against Riley. You remember when Riley borrowed Jordan's lawnmower and did not return it. And there was opportunity, because Jordan does not work on the weekend and usually stays home watching television. But the lightning storm earlier last week short-circuited Jordan's TV set. Besides, they canceled Jordan's favorite Saturday evening show. Which description best characterizes the above? - A story - An explanation for why something happened - An argument - A disconnected set of statements An argument Kinds of Inferences Deduction Induction Inference to the best explanation or abduction Deduction arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion — mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition Induction arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable — analogies, authority, causal inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations, etc. Inference to the best explanation or abduction arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation Truth A true proposition accurately represents reality. Validity In a good deductive argument structure, true premises make the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.) Soundness The deductive argument is valid and all premises are true premises. (If not, it is an unsound argument.) Sound Argument All True Premises + Valid Structure Strength In a strong inductive argument, true premises make the conclusion probably true. Cogency Strong inductive arguments with all true premises are cogent. Consider the following argument: Smith inspected 990 jellybeans in the jar. Each of the beans Smith inspected is red. Therefore, all 1000 of the beans in the jar are red. Which kind of argument is this? - A strong argument - Deductive argument - A weak argument - A valid argument A strong argument Some arguments are such that the premises of the argument entail its conclusion, which means that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. What are such arguments called? - Inductive arguments - Abductive arguments - Fallacious arguments - Valid arguments Valid arguments Consider the following argument: If Jones is a baseball player, then Jones is an athlete. Jones is a baseball player. Thus, Jones is an athlete. Which kind of argument is this? - A conditional proposition - A valid argument - A strong argument - An invalid argument A valid argument In deductive reasoning, what is the difference between validity and soundness? - Validity concerns the truth of an argument's premises, but soundness requires a high degree of probability. - Validity only concerns the structure of an argument, but soundness requires both validity and true premises. - Validity concerns an argument's probability, but soundness requires clearly defined terms. - Validity concerns the inductive strength of an argument, but soundness requires both strength and plausible premises. Validity only concerns the structure of an argument, but soundness requires both validity and true premises. Which sentences reflect strong critical thinking? Choose 2 answers. - I disagree with my opponent's position on this issue, but I respect my opponents and I am curious to hear their thoughts on the matter. - I know that issues can be complicated, and that it is often difficult to determine the best approach to a problem. - Unlike some others, I do not jump to conclusions, nor am I biased. - While I am open to discussion on the topic, I am committed to my position because I know it is right. - I disagree with my opponent's position on this issue, but I respect my opponents and I am curious to hear their thoughts on the matter. - I know that issues can be complicated, and that it is often difficult to determine the best approach to a problem. Which sentences are propositions? Choose 2 answers. - Hey, let's go to lunch at noon today. - Mangino's has the best pizza. - They will likely put the other restaurants out of business. - Do you like Mangino's pizza? - Mangino's has the best pizza. - They will likely put the other restaurants out of business. Which statement is a simple proposition? - Because I was dressed for work, I took an umbrella and ran to my car. - I had a work deadline approaching, so I ate lunch at my desk and finished my work. - I stopped at the grocery store and bought some milk. - By noon, the sun was shining. By noon, the sun was shining. Which indicator is a premise indicator? - Hence - Because - Thus - Therefore Because Because flying cars will relieve traffic congestion, and since the research and development of such vehicles will be expensive, it follows that the government should encourage industry to develop flying cars and banks should help fund industry research.