Brain & Behaviour
Brain
Cerebrum: conscious behaviour
Left & Right hemisphere
Temporal lobe: hearing, language, musical abilities
Frontal lobe: executive functions like decision making
Parietal lobe: limbic movements, performing tasks
Occipital lobe: visual processing
Cerebral cortex: outer layer, thin, folded layer of nerve tissue
Gyri: folds/hills in the brain
Sulci: wrinkles/cracks in the brain
Fissures: deep sulci
Gray matter: outside, nerve cells, information processing
White matter: inside, nerve fibers, fatty layers around axons
Meninges: protective layer between skull and brain
Ventricles: four cavities filled with CSF
Corpus callosum: white matter, connects two hemispheres, information transfer
Brainstem: unconscious behaviour, communication between body’s senses and spinal
cord
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon): motor functions. movements
Metencephalon (across brain)
Cerebellum: monitors complex movements, small brain
Pons: input for cerebellum, sends to rest of the brain
Fourth ventricle
Myenlencephalon (spinal brain)
Medulla: controls vital functions (breathing etc)
Reticular formation: nuclei and fiber mixed, sleep-wake behaviour,arousal
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain (mesencephalon): seeing, hearing, orientation
Tectum: vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation
Superior colliculus: optic nerve sends nerve fibers to here, orienting
movements
Inferior colliculus: receives input from auditory pathways, orientation
Tegmentum: collection of nuclei for movement, pain perceptual functions
Red nucleus: controls limb movements
Substantia nigra: connected to forebrain, initiating movements
Cerebral aqueduct
Forebrain (prosencephalon):
Telencephalon (endbrain)
Neocortex: contains 6 layers creates a perceptual world
, Basal ganglia: controls voluntary movement (Parkinson & Tourettes)
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Limbic system: emotion, motivation, pleasure, sex, emotional memory
Amygdala: emotions
Hippocampus: memory & navigation
Limbic / Cingulate cortex: memory & navigation
Olfactory system: translates smells into neural codes, connected with
limbic system, able to generate new neurons, rest of the brain can’t
Lateral ventricles
Diencephalon (between): integrates sensory & motor information to the cerebral
cortex
Thalamus: channeling sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Lateral geniculate nucleus: visual information, directly to V1
Medial geniculate nucleus: auditory information
Hypothalamus: controls production of hormones, interacting with pituitary
gland
Third ventricle
Pineal body
Nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord: connects brain & peripheral nervous system, controls movements
Vertebrae: small bones
Dermatomes: each dermatome corresponds to a part of our body, each
has a sensory and motor nerve
1. Cervical nerves (head)
2. Thoracic nerves
3. Lumbar nerves
4. Sacral nerves (feet)
Dorsal root: sensory, dorsal fiers, aferenn, aan, nem eranure,
nouch,
muscle → Law of bell & Magendie
Ventral root: monor, vennral fiers, eferenn, monor skalls→ Law of
bell &
Magendie
Peripheral nervous system: carries messages to and from the CNS
Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary muscles & transmits sensory
information to the CNS
Cranial nerves: face movements, provide input to the brain from the
senses & muscles (overview below)
Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary body functions
, Sympathetic nervous system: arouses body to expend energy
Parasympathetic nervous system: calms body to conserve energy
Theory of embodied language: movement we make is essential in communication
Behavior: any form of movement in a living organism
Simple nervous systems: heredity
Complex nervous systems: learning
Perspectives
Aristotle: every person has a psyche and as res onsaile for iehavaour → mentalism
Descartes: mind: rational behavior
brain: autonomic processes like breathing
Darwin: - all behavior can be explained by the brain → materialism → brain theory
- brain and behaviour in different species are related
- brain & behaviour changed over time, more complex
- phenotype: observable differences in species
- genotype: genetic codes
- epigenetics: how the environment has an influence on genes
Evolution
Phylogenetic development: the development of higher species from lower species
Brain
Cerebrum: conscious behaviour
Left & Right hemisphere
Temporal lobe: hearing, language, musical abilities
Frontal lobe: executive functions like decision making
Parietal lobe: limbic movements, performing tasks
Occipital lobe: visual processing
Cerebral cortex: outer layer, thin, folded layer of nerve tissue
Gyri: folds/hills in the brain
Sulci: wrinkles/cracks in the brain
Fissures: deep sulci
Gray matter: outside, nerve cells, information processing
White matter: inside, nerve fibers, fatty layers around axons
Meninges: protective layer between skull and brain
Ventricles: four cavities filled with CSF
Corpus callosum: white matter, connects two hemispheres, information transfer
Brainstem: unconscious behaviour, communication between body’s senses and spinal
cord
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon): motor functions. movements
Metencephalon (across brain)
Cerebellum: monitors complex movements, small brain
Pons: input for cerebellum, sends to rest of the brain
Fourth ventricle
Myenlencephalon (spinal brain)
Medulla: controls vital functions (breathing etc)
Reticular formation: nuclei and fiber mixed, sleep-wake behaviour,arousal
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain (mesencephalon): seeing, hearing, orientation
Tectum: vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation
Superior colliculus: optic nerve sends nerve fibers to here, orienting
movements
Inferior colliculus: receives input from auditory pathways, orientation
Tegmentum: collection of nuclei for movement, pain perceptual functions
Red nucleus: controls limb movements
Substantia nigra: connected to forebrain, initiating movements
Cerebral aqueduct
Forebrain (prosencephalon):
Telencephalon (endbrain)
Neocortex: contains 6 layers creates a perceptual world
, Basal ganglia: controls voluntary movement (Parkinson & Tourettes)
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Limbic system: emotion, motivation, pleasure, sex, emotional memory
Amygdala: emotions
Hippocampus: memory & navigation
Limbic / Cingulate cortex: memory & navigation
Olfactory system: translates smells into neural codes, connected with
limbic system, able to generate new neurons, rest of the brain can’t
Lateral ventricles
Diencephalon (between): integrates sensory & motor information to the cerebral
cortex
Thalamus: channeling sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Lateral geniculate nucleus: visual information, directly to V1
Medial geniculate nucleus: auditory information
Hypothalamus: controls production of hormones, interacting with pituitary
gland
Third ventricle
Pineal body
Nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord: connects brain & peripheral nervous system, controls movements
Vertebrae: small bones
Dermatomes: each dermatome corresponds to a part of our body, each
has a sensory and motor nerve
1. Cervical nerves (head)
2. Thoracic nerves
3. Lumbar nerves
4. Sacral nerves (feet)
Dorsal root: sensory, dorsal fiers, aferenn, aan, nem eranure,
nouch,
muscle → Law of bell & Magendie
Ventral root: monor, vennral fiers, eferenn, monor skalls→ Law of
bell &
Magendie
Peripheral nervous system: carries messages to and from the CNS
Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary muscles & transmits sensory
information to the CNS
Cranial nerves: face movements, provide input to the brain from the
senses & muscles (overview below)
Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary body functions
, Sympathetic nervous system: arouses body to expend energy
Parasympathetic nervous system: calms body to conserve energy
Theory of embodied language: movement we make is essential in communication
Behavior: any form of movement in a living organism
Simple nervous systems: heredity
Complex nervous systems: learning
Perspectives
Aristotle: every person has a psyche and as res onsaile for iehavaour → mentalism
Descartes: mind: rational behavior
brain: autonomic processes like breathing
Darwin: - all behavior can be explained by the brain → materialism → brain theory
- brain and behaviour in different species are related
- brain & behaviour changed over time, more complex
- phenotype: observable differences in species
- genotype: genetic codes
- epigenetics: how the environment has an influence on genes
Evolution
Phylogenetic development: the development of higher species from lower species
