AS HISTORY The Age of the Crusades

AS HISTORY The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Component 1A The Crusader states and Outremer, c1071–1149 Wednesday 17 May 2023 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: • an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. • Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7041/1A. • Answer two questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Information • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • The maximum mark for this paper is 50. • You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice • You are advised to spend about: – 50 minutes on Section A – 40 minutes on Section B. Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A The Crusader States were the result of religious enthusiasm in the West. Many pilgrims rushed to Outremer as soon as the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 became known. Nowhere else were there so many sites so important to Christians, nor was there a better place to end one’s days. They did not come alone because the people who hoped to survive on the charity of pilgrims and the institutions created to help them also went. During the summer, the ports of Jaffa, Acre and Tyre, were heaving with visitors from Western Europe, who came not as outsiders, but as fellow Christians who saw the holy places as their responsibility. Adapted from M Barber, The challenge of state building in the twelfth century. Reading Medieval Studies, XXXVI, 2010 5 Extract B Several different explanations exist for the success of the crusaders. Firstly, they were able to win several major battles due to their heavy cavalry. Bohemond of Taranto was also a very effective commander. He commanded the army when it had to fight major battles. Adaptation was also a key reason. The crusaders had never fought the Turks before who used hit and run warfare. The crusaders adapted their tactics by marching at night and using infantry to shield their cavalry. Furthermore, religion played a role, keeping morale high. This provided an incentive to see their task through even though some deserted. Finally, not all they met were hostile, for example, the Armenians, the Byzantines and even some Muslims in the East. Adapted from N Morton, The First Crusade, 1095–99 – Why did the First Crusade Succeed?, 2018 5 0 1 With reference to these extracts and your understanding of the historical context, which of these two extracts provides the more convincing interpretation of why the Crusader States were established between 1099 and 1120? [25 marks] Section B Answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Either 0 2 ‘Western intervention had strengthened the position of the Byzantine Empire by 1099.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] or 0 3 ‘In the years 1124 to 1149, economic gain was the most important reason why Western Europeans travelled to Outremer.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] END OF QUESTIONS There are no questions printed on this page Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.