Social psychology 379 Athabasca final review chapter 1-6 Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

Which of the following would a social psychologist most likely study? a) does exposure to media violence increase aggression b)do divorce rates differ within socioeconomic classes c) what factors contribute to the development of depression d) Are ppl with higher IQs happier than those with lower IQs - Answer-does media exposure violence increase aggression Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on - Answerunderstanding the immediate situation factors that influence human behavior Among the following social psychologists, who was one of the original founders of social psychology? - Answer-Norman Triplett Which of the following is the least characteristic of research in social psychology between the 1930 and 1950s? - Answer-the integration of social and cognitive processes as determinates of behavior What is construct validity - Answer-the extent to which the operational definitions reflect conceptual variables of interest Social psychology - Answer-tests the validity of and seeks to provide explanations for many common sense ideas about social behaviours. For social psychology, the 1960s and early 1970s was a period of - Answer-confidence and crisis Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of social psychology? - Answer-focus on societal variables such as social classWhich of the following is not true of social psychology in Canada? - Answer-Researchers from both Canada and the United States have dominated social psychology throughout most of its history Which of the following distinguishes correlational research from experimental research? - Answer-No attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more variables in correlational research. To examine potential gender differences in qualities individuals seek in their potential partners, HaeJin compares the personal ads placed by men and women. What type of research is HaeJin Conducting? - Answer-An archival study What in principle, is the purpose of random sampling? - Answer-To make sure that research participants constitute a representative sample of the population of interest Why is random sampling essential to establishing causality? - Answer-because it reduces the possibility that individual characteristics of the participants produced the observed results. According to your textbook, what is the best solution to the problem of experimenter expectancy effects? - Answer-Keeping experimenter uniformed about group assignment What does the term self-concept refer to? - Answer-the sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics. Helene is schematic concerning honesty. She is likely to do all of the following except - Answer-She is likely to consider honesty a central part of her self-concept What do psychologists call motivation that is driven by rewards and punishments? - Answer-extrinsic motivation Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self? - Answer-The ought self and actual selfRaspreet was born and raised in an Eastern culture. Compared to those raised in Western culture, what is Raspreet more likely to do? - Answer-view relationships as an important part of her self-concept. Define social psychology. How is social psychology differ from a) other areas of psychology, and b) other social sciences such as sociology? - Answer-Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context. Social psychology is concerned with a diverse set of topics. It is a very broad science. It is unique because of its emphasis on the social nature of individuals. It applies scientific methods of systematic observation, description and measurement to study the human condition. Social psychology focuses on psychology of behavior on an individual in a group context. Sociology classifies the individual in terms of nationality, race, socioeconomic and focus is on the group. Social psychology and Sociology are related. When the two disciplines intersect, it often results in a more thorough understanding of a topic. Social psychology differs from clinical psychology in that clinical psychology seeks to understand and treat psychological disorders and difficulties. Whereas Social psychologists focuses on how individuals feels, thinks, behaves. Personality psychologists seek to understand the differences between individuals that remain stable across a variety of situation, whereas social psychologists seek to understand how social factors influence individuals regardless of their personalities. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using self-report measures and of using observational measures in social psychological research. - Answer-There are a variety of advantages and disadvantages for both self-report and observation measures in social psychological research. Self-report measures are widely used in social psychology, as it give researchers access to an individual's beliefs and perceptions. However, self-report measures are not always accurate. Individuals participating in self-report measures may try to look good or present in a positive manner; the desire to look good influences answers. In addition, answers can be affected by the way that questions are asked, how they're worded, and in what context they are asked. Finally, self-report measures may ask participants to report on thoughts or behaviours from past experiences. As we know, memory is not always completely accurate. There are ways to minimize this flaw in human memory. These two ways are using interval contingent (respondants report their experience at regular intervals) or signal contingent self-reports (where self-reporters report their experiences as soon as possible after being signaled to do so)..Observational measures in social psychology minimize the distorted or inaccurate interpretations individuals have of their own behaviour. Advantages of this method is it allows for real-time data collection and does not require an individual to reflect on their past. A disadvantage is, if people know that they are being observed their behaviour may change. In addition, observers may not always agree on what they're seeing, which leads to the need for multiple observers in order to establish inter-rater (observer) reliability.Self-report surveys are a more practical, timely, and likely affordable way of collection data, but observational methods tackle the potential for faulty memory, awkwardly worded questions, and context problems that self-report surveys have. 1. Responses in self-reported surveys can be inaccurate becausea) the questions may be interpreted differently across cultures or contexts b) respondents may not remember accurately c) respondents may not answer questions honestly d) all of the above - Answer-d) all of the above If your research question is "Does role modelling increase helping behaviour in fifth grade school children?", which of the following is the independent variable? - Answer-role modelling internal validity refers to the extent to which? - Answer-the independent variable causes change to the dependent variable A research participant is said to have given informed consent if the participant decides to participate in a study after receiving - Answer-enough information to make an informed decision The affective component of the self is? - Answer-self-esteem Define self-esteem - Answer-an affective component of the self, consisting of a person's positive and negative self-evaluations Self-handicapping is a strategy that some people use to protect their self-esteem by? - Answer-purposely setting themselves up for failure so they can provide an excuse for anticipated failure In the social comparison theory as proposed by Festinger in 1954 - Answer-1. . people are motivated to evaluate their opinions, feelings, and abilities. 2. people will evaluate themselves in comparison with others, especially in the absence of objective bases of evaluation. In contrast to individuals from Western cultures, those from collectivist cultures define themselves primarily in terms of? - Answer-relationships with people, groups and institutions Compared with high self-monitors, low self-monitors tend to? - Answer-act consistently across does the study of social perceptions address - Answer-How people form impressions of others what factors that contribute to fundamental attribution less likely to occur - Answer-more likely to occur when we are cognitively busy/distracted/ lack motivation assumes a link between acts and personal dispositions is easier because of perceptual bias. attribution is made hastily fundamental attraction error - Answer-attribute another persons behaviour to personal factors rather then to situation Fundamental attribution error and 2 step process. - Answer-tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate how events impact ones behavior. aka correspondence bias a) First identify the behaviour and make a quick personal attribution à simple and automatic b) Then we correct or adjust that inference to account for situational influences. à requires attention, thought, and effort Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory, and describe the connection between the two. - AnswerA hypothesis is a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur. A theory is an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena. Distinguish between applied research and basic research, and describe how basic research and applied research are connected. - Answer-Basic research seeks to increase our understanding of human behaviour and is often designed to test a specific hypothesis from a specific theory. Applied research seeks to make use of social psychology's theories or methods to enlarge our understanding of naturally occurring events and to contribute to the solution of social problems. The two are closely related and some researchers switch between the two. Other studies test a theory and examine a real-world phenomenon simultaneously. Define conceptual variables and operational definitions. How are they related? Give an example of a conceptual variable and its operational definition. - Answer-When a researcher first develops a hypothesis, the variables are typically in an abstract, general form. These are conceptual variables.Ex: Love, group pressure, violence, conformity, attraction... Operational Definitions: The specific way in which a conceptual variable is manipulated or measured. Ex: Conformity: The specific number of times that a participant indicated agreement with the judgments made by a group. correlational research - Answer-seeks to understand relationships between 2 variables. Through the use of observation, archival records, and surveys. * variables are not manipulated advantages= researching phenomena that is difficult/unethical to replicate (aggression) disadvantages= doesnt determine cause and effect correlation coefficient - Answer-statistical measures strength and direction of relationship between variables. **correlation doesnt equal causation experimental research - Answer-can prove cause and effect. It is a form of research where the experimenter has control over events and the participants are randomly assigned to conditions. It determines if the independent variable causes change to the dependent variable. Distinguish between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Identify the factors that can influence the effect of extrinsic factors on intrinsic motivation. - Answer-Intrinsic motivation originates in factors within a person- when people engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge, or sheer enjoyment. Extrinsic motivation originates in factors outside of the person- engage in activities that are a means to an end, for tangible benefits- money, grades, recognition. When someone is rewarded from an intrinsic activity, his behaviour becomes over justified, or overrewarded. This over justification effect can be dangerous. Observing that their own efforts have paid off, people begin to wonder if the activity was ever worth pursuing in its own right. Research shows that when people start getting paid for something they already enjoy, they sometimes lose interest in it. social comparison theory as proposed by Festinger. When do people engage in social comparison, and with whom do they compare themselves? - Answerpeople evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others, and what sets them apart from others.Ppl engage in social comparison when objective info is not readily available, and when they are uncertain of their abilities, and in states of uncertainty. They compare themselves with peers/family actor-observer effect - Answer-the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and the behaviour of others to personal factors. We attribute the behaviour of others to personal attributes and the behaviour of ourselves to situational attributes. How is the actor-observer effect different from the fundamental attribution error - Answer-Fundamental Attribution Error is an attribution bias that discusses our tendency to explain someone's behaviors on their internal dispositions. This bias is often the result of a quick judgment, which is where this bias gets its name as a 'Fundamental Attribution Error'. Actor-Observer Bias, as the term suggests, talks about the evaluation of actor's (one's own) behaviors and observer (someone else's) behaviors. Actor-Observer Bias is a self-favoring bias, in a way Describe the summation model (give an example) - Answer-the more positive traits there are they better. Ex. More impressed by a letter of recommendation with 2 high and 2 average qualities than one with 4 average qualities averaging model (give an example) - Answer-the higher the average values of all the various traits, the better ex. Reading a letter of recommendation and averaging the positive/negative traits Research on eye contact suggests that - Answer-norms vary from culture to culture with regard to eye contact during conversations Joan gets annoyed when she burns her dinner, when she switches to the wrong channel on the television, or when she only gets a B on her social psychology exam. According to the covariation model, Joan's annoyance has low - Answer-distinctiveness John thinks that cohabitation is very common now. His opinion is based on recalling that a number of the couples he knows have recently moved in together. This is an example of the - Answer-availability heuristicThe actor-observer effect and the fundamental attribution error are different in that in the actorobserver effect - Answer-people attribute dispositional factors as the cause of other people's behaviour and attribute situational factors as the cause of their own behaviour. The implicit personality theories that we hold about others are - Answer-the result of unstated assumptions about people's characteristics. According to implicit personality theories, which of the following would be most likely if we know Yael is an extrovert? - Answer-we would assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion Which of the following is considered a primary emotion? a) shame b) surprise c) disappointment d) anxiety - Answer-b) surprise