Nuclear Medicine Board review Exam Questions And
Complete Verified Solutions
U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
what agency is responsible for regulation of the purchase, receipt, use, and disposal of
radioactive materials
Agreement State
a state that accepts responsibility for the regulation of all radioactive materials
Federal facilities (ex. VA hospitals and military installations)
Which facilities in agreement states are still regulated by the NRC?
A facility license
How is authorized use of radioactive material in humans granted by the NRC/state
agency
Authorized Users
who are responsible for supervising individuals working with radioactive material,
determining radiation safety procedures and establishing dosage activity ranges
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
what agency controls the packaging and interstate movement of hazardous materials
including radioactivity
Type A
type of package adequate for normal transport
Type B
type of package that is more accident resistant and is used for very large quantities of
radioactive materials
transport index
the dose rate measured at 1 meter from the surface of the package and must appear on
the label
White I
no more than 0.5 mR/hr at contact and no detectable radioactivity at 1 meter
Yellow II
no more that 50 mR/hr at contact and no more than 1 mR/hr at 1 meter
Yellow III
no more than 200 mR/hr at contact and no more than 10 mR/hr at 1 meter
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
what agency regulates and monitors the manufacture, distribution, safety, and
effectiveness of radiopharmaceuticals
drugs that have new drug authorization (NDA)
what are the only approved radiopharmaceuticals that can be distributed for sale in the
US
investigational new drug (IND)
a drug that is under investigation by the FDA and may only be used on patients under
very controlled conditions
an informed written consent
what must a patient receive prior to receiving an IND
,time, distance, shielding
factors in reducing radiation exposure
total dose=(dose rate)(time)
equation for total radiation dose for amount of exposure time
inverse square law
the radiation dose rate from a small-volume radiation source varies inversely with the
square of the distance from the source is known as
1/4 the original
when doubling distance from a source how much is dose rate reduced
4 times the original
when distance from source is halved how much is the dose rate increased
(I1)(D1)^2=(I2)(D2)^2
I1=dose rate at distance D1 from source and I2 is dose rate at distance D2 from
source
equation for the inverse square law
plastic
shielding that absorbs beta particles
lead sheilding
what should not be used on beta particles such as P-32 and Sr-89
it will cause bremsstrahlung radiation
why should lead shielding not be used on P-32 or Sr-89
bremsstrahlung
radiation that results from the deceleration of the beta particles as they approach the
nuclei of the lead atoms in the sheild
lose energy and and are released as xrays
what happens when beta particles slow down
lead, leaded glass, and tungsten
shielding used to reduce x and gamma rays
half-value layer (HVL)
the ability of a material to absorb/attenuate x and gamma rays and the thickness of
material that id required to reduce radiation intensity to half its original
film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeter, optically stimulated luminescence
dosimeter, pocket ionization chambers
types of dosimeters
film badges
dosimeter that has strip of film between a set of filters that can assess the energy range
and penetration of radiation and can also be exposed to beta particles and low energy
photons. can measure 0.1 mSv-several SV of radiation. Should be changed monthly.
thermoluminescent
dosimeter that uses lithium fluoride crystals that emits a quantity of light proportional to
the amount of radiation absorbed, more expensive but not effected by head or
environmental changes, changed 2-3 months
optically stimulated luminescence doismeter
,dosimeter that uses thin slice of aluminum oxide to detect radiation exposure and a
laser is used to read the badge. heat, moisture, and aging resistant. more sensitive and
changed every 3 months
pocket ionization chamber
dosimeter that gives immediate radiation exposure measurements, more expensive and
require careful handling
total effective dose equivalent (TEDE)
the sum of the deep dose equivalent and the committed effective dose equivalent and is
known as general exposure measurement
deep dose equivalent (DDE)
exposure to the internal organs from external sources is known as
committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)
exposure to internal organs from internal sources is known as
shallow dose equivalent (SDE)
exposure to the skin or any appendage is known as
50 mSv
5 rem
whole body TEDE annual occupational exposure
150 mSv
15 rem
lens of eye (LDE) annual occupational exposure
500 mSv
50 rem
any organ or tissue TEDE annual occupational exposure
500 mSv
50 rem
skin or extremity TEDE annual occupational exposure
1 mSv
0.1 rem
member of the general public annual exposure
5 mSv
0.5 rem
embryo/fetus of occupation worker exposure during course of pregnancy
bioassay
any measurement of radioactivity that has been internalized by an individual
external counting or counting blood, urine, other bodily fluids
how is a bioassay done
thyroid uptake
what is required if there is possible inhalation of of volatile radionuclides that exceed
NRC limits
0.02 mSv/hr
2 mrem/hr
unrestricted area dose rate
Caution: radioactive material
sign used in area where certain quantities of radioactive material is used/stored-
entrances to work area and labs, potential presence of radiation sources/contamination,
, where ingestion of food/drinks is strictly prohibited, no smoking or application of
cosmetics.
Caution: radiation area
signs used in areas that ann individual could receive more than 0.05 mSv (5
mrem)/hour at 30 cm and commonly seen at enterances of nuclear medicine labs
Caution: high radiation area
signs used in areas where an individual could receive more than 1 mSv (100 mrem)/hr
at 30 cm and commonly seen where radiation therapy is performed
Grave danger: very high radiation area
signs used in areas where an individual could receive more than 5 Gy (500 rad)/hr at 1
meter and is not common in hospital setting
within 3 hours of reciept
in what time frame should a package be surveyed
exceeding 22 dpm/cm^2
when should a wipe test be reported to NRC and RSO
efficiency= net cm/dpm
equation for well counter efficiency
radioactive material with a half-life less than 120 days
which radioactive material can be stored in a shielded storage area to decay until it
reaches background
10 half-lives
what is the "rule of thumb" for radioactive decay
if workers will receive more than 10% of the allowable limit or general public may
receive more than 0.1 rem in unrestricted area
when are routine surveys of facility required
0.05 msv/hr or 5 mrem/hr in restricted area
and
2 uSv/hr or 0.2 mrem/hr in unrestricted area
trigger level of survey to report to RSO
3 years
how long must wipe test and area survey records be kept
written directive
what is required for everyone who receives a therapeutic dose of radionuclide
3 years
how long must patient dosage records be kept
when dose exceeds:
50 mSv or 5 rem effective dose equivalent
500 mSv or 50 rem to organ or tissue
or
500 mSv or 50 rem SDE to skin
when is it considered an excess radiopharmaceutical misadministration
when both an error and excess exposure has occured
when has a medical event occured
wrong RP, wrong patient, wrong route, or 20% difference from prescribed dose or
falls out of dose range
when is it considered an error misadministration
Complete Verified Solutions
U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
what agency is responsible for regulation of the purchase, receipt, use, and disposal of
radioactive materials
Agreement State
a state that accepts responsibility for the regulation of all radioactive materials
Federal facilities (ex. VA hospitals and military installations)
Which facilities in agreement states are still regulated by the NRC?
A facility license
How is authorized use of radioactive material in humans granted by the NRC/state
agency
Authorized Users
who are responsible for supervising individuals working with radioactive material,
determining radiation safety procedures and establishing dosage activity ranges
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
what agency controls the packaging and interstate movement of hazardous materials
including radioactivity
Type A
type of package adequate for normal transport
Type B
type of package that is more accident resistant and is used for very large quantities of
radioactive materials
transport index
the dose rate measured at 1 meter from the surface of the package and must appear on
the label
White I
no more than 0.5 mR/hr at contact and no detectable radioactivity at 1 meter
Yellow II
no more that 50 mR/hr at contact and no more than 1 mR/hr at 1 meter
Yellow III
no more than 200 mR/hr at contact and no more than 10 mR/hr at 1 meter
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
what agency regulates and monitors the manufacture, distribution, safety, and
effectiveness of radiopharmaceuticals
drugs that have new drug authorization (NDA)
what are the only approved radiopharmaceuticals that can be distributed for sale in the
US
investigational new drug (IND)
a drug that is under investigation by the FDA and may only be used on patients under
very controlled conditions
an informed written consent
what must a patient receive prior to receiving an IND
,time, distance, shielding
factors in reducing radiation exposure
total dose=(dose rate)(time)
equation for total radiation dose for amount of exposure time
inverse square law
the radiation dose rate from a small-volume radiation source varies inversely with the
square of the distance from the source is known as
1/4 the original
when doubling distance from a source how much is dose rate reduced
4 times the original
when distance from source is halved how much is the dose rate increased
(I1)(D1)^2=(I2)(D2)^2
I1=dose rate at distance D1 from source and I2 is dose rate at distance D2 from
source
equation for the inverse square law
plastic
shielding that absorbs beta particles
lead sheilding
what should not be used on beta particles such as P-32 and Sr-89
it will cause bremsstrahlung radiation
why should lead shielding not be used on P-32 or Sr-89
bremsstrahlung
radiation that results from the deceleration of the beta particles as they approach the
nuclei of the lead atoms in the sheild
lose energy and and are released as xrays
what happens when beta particles slow down
lead, leaded glass, and tungsten
shielding used to reduce x and gamma rays
half-value layer (HVL)
the ability of a material to absorb/attenuate x and gamma rays and the thickness of
material that id required to reduce radiation intensity to half its original
film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeter, optically stimulated luminescence
dosimeter, pocket ionization chambers
types of dosimeters
film badges
dosimeter that has strip of film between a set of filters that can assess the energy range
and penetration of radiation and can also be exposed to beta particles and low energy
photons. can measure 0.1 mSv-several SV of radiation. Should be changed monthly.
thermoluminescent
dosimeter that uses lithium fluoride crystals that emits a quantity of light proportional to
the amount of radiation absorbed, more expensive but not effected by head or
environmental changes, changed 2-3 months
optically stimulated luminescence doismeter
,dosimeter that uses thin slice of aluminum oxide to detect radiation exposure and a
laser is used to read the badge. heat, moisture, and aging resistant. more sensitive and
changed every 3 months
pocket ionization chamber
dosimeter that gives immediate radiation exposure measurements, more expensive and
require careful handling
total effective dose equivalent (TEDE)
the sum of the deep dose equivalent and the committed effective dose equivalent and is
known as general exposure measurement
deep dose equivalent (DDE)
exposure to the internal organs from external sources is known as
committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)
exposure to internal organs from internal sources is known as
shallow dose equivalent (SDE)
exposure to the skin or any appendage is known as
50 mSv
5 rem
whole body TEDE annual occupational exposure
150 mSv
15 rem
lens of eye (LDE) annual occupational exposure
500 mSv
50 rem
any organ or tissue TEDE annual occupational exposure
500 mSv
50 rem
skin or extremity TEDE annual occupational exposure
1 mSv
0.1 rem
member of the general public annual exposure
5 mSv
0.5 rem
embryo/fetus of occupation worker exposure during course of pregnancy
bioassay
any measurement of radioactivity that has been internalized by an individual
external counting or counting blood, urine, other bodily fluids
how is a bioassay done
thyroid uptake
what is required if there is possible inhalation of of volatile radionuclides that exceed
NRC limits
0.02 mSv/hr
2 mrem/hr
unrestricted area dose rate
Caution: radioactive material
sign used in area where certain quantities of radioactive material is used/stored-
entrances to work area and labs, potential presence of radiation sources/contamination,
, where ingestion of food/drinks is strictly prohibited, no smoking or application of
cosmetics.
Caution: radiation area
signs used in areas that ann individual could receive more than 0.05 mSv (5
mrem)/hour at 30 cm and commonly seen at enterances of nuclear medicine labs
Caution: high radiation area
signs used in areas where an individual could receive more than 1 mSv (100 mrem)/hr
at 30 cm and commonly seen where radiation therapy is performed
Grave danger: very high radiation area
signs used in areas where an individual could receive more than 5 Gy (500 rad)/hr at 1
meter and is not common in hospital setting
within 3 hours of reciept
in what time frame should a package be surveyed
exceeding 22 dpm/cm^2
when should a wipe test be reported to NRC and RSO
efficiency= net cm/dpm
equation for well counter efficiency
radioactive material with a half-life less than 120 days
which radioactive material can be stored in a shielded storage area to decay until it
reaches background
10 half-lives
what is the "rule of thumb" for radioactive decay
if workers will receive more than 10% of the allowable limit or general public may
receive more than 0.1 rem in unrestricted area
when are routine surveys of facility required
0.05 msv/hr or 5 mrem/hr in restricted area
and
2 uSv/hr or 0.2 mrem/hr in unrestricted area
trigger level of survey to report to RSO
3 years
how long must wipe test and area survey records be kept
written directive
what is required for everyone who receives a therapeutic dose of radionuclide
3 years
how long must patient dosage records be kept
when dose exceeds:
50 mSv or 5 rem effective dose equivalent
500 mSv or 50 rem to organ or tissue
or
500 mSv or 50 rem SDE to skin
when is it considered an excess radiopharmaceutical misadministration
when both an error and excess exposure has occured
when has a medical event occured
wrong RP, wrong patient, wrong route, or 20% difference from prescribed dose or
falls out of dose range
when is it considered an error misadministration
