PUBH 6011 FINAL LATEST EXAM 2022-2024 REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ PUBH6011 FINAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022-2024| A GRADE
Two differences between virus and bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER- 1. Bacteria
are a single cell and can exist on their own (no nuclei or substructures)
2. Viruses must invade a host cell and use its genetic DNA
Role of DNA in protein synthesis ?- CORRECT ANSWER- DNA acts as a
template for RNA and encodes the sequence of proteins
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- mRNA is a single-
strand of RNA, it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes read the
mRNA code to produce a chain of amino acids.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- tRNA brings amino
acids made by the mRNA to the ribosome where proteins are constructed, reads the
message of nucleic acids and TRANSLATES it into proteins.
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- Protein factories
in the cytoplasm. Binds to mRNA and reads the code in it to produce a chain of
amino acids. Catalyze the synthesis of protein chains from amino acids.
How do biological and genetic factors influence our response to environmental
hazards? - CORRECT ANSWER- Genes can determine the progression and
severity of a disease, even if the disease wasn't caused by the environment.
What is the microbiome? - CORRECT ANSWER- The microbiome are the
microbial organisms that live within the intestines, skin, and within mucus
membranes.
, How does the microbiome prevent disease? - CORRECT ANSWER- The
microbiome can impact how toxicants are absorbed (or not absorbed) into the body
and impact our susceptibility to disease.
Define: Environmental response gene - CORRECT ANSWER- This dictates a
person's response to certain environmental exposures, but without exposure it has
no health consequence.
Explain how environmental factors influence genetic expression. - CORRECT
ANSWER- Epigenetics - heritable changes in the phenotype without changes in
the DNA structure (genotype). The environment can change what genes are
expressed and when. Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed (turned on
or off).
Central Dogma of DNA to Protein - CORRECT ANSWER- DNA - Transcription -
RNA - Translation - Protein
Types of Genetic Mutations (two big categories) - CORRECT ANSWER- 1.
Microlesions
2. Macrolesions
Types of Microlesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - CORRECT ANSWER-
1. Base-pair substitution
2. Frameshift Mutations
Types of Macrolesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - CORRECT ANSWER-
1. Chromosome Aberrations
2. Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy, polyploidy)
Explain base-pair substitution - CORRECT ANSWER- Changes the sequence of
the genetic base pairs (AT/GC) due to an interaction with an outside chemical
structure. Point mutations. Does not always change the function (but can)
Explain frameshift mutations - CORRECT ANSWER- Insertion or deletion of one
or more bases (AT/GC) in the sequence. Changes the reading frame. Almost
always get an altered protein, often leads to non-functional.
Explain Chromosome Aberrations - CORRECT ANSWER- Change in
chromosome structure via deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation. Benzene,
ionizing radiation can cause it.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ PUBH6011 FINAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2022-2024| A GRADE
Two differences between virus and bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER- 1. Bacteria
are a single cell and can exist on their own (no nuclei or substructures)
2. Viruses must invade a host cell and use its genetic DNA
Role of DNA in protein synthesis ?- CORRECT ANSWER- DNA acts as a
template for RNA and encodes the sequence of proteins
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- mRNA is a single-
strand of RNA, it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes read the
mRNA code to produce a chain of amino acids.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- tRNA brings amino
acids made by the mRNA to the ribosome where proteins are constructed, reads the
message of nucleic acids and TRANSLATES it into proteins.
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- Protein factories
in the cytoplasm. Binds to mRNA and reads the code in it to produce a chain of
amino acids. Catalyze the synthesis of protein chains from amino acids.
How do biological and genetic factors influence our response to environmental
hazards? - CORRECT ANSWER- Genes can determine the progression and
severity of a disease, even if the disease wasn't caused by the environment.
What is the microbiome? - CORRECT ANSWER- The microbiome are the
microbial organisms that live within the intestines, skin, and within mucus
membranes.
, How does the microbiome prevent disease? - CORRECT ANSWER- The
microbiome can impact how toxicants are absorbed (or not absorbed) into the body
and impact our susceptibility to disease.
Define: Environmental response gene - CORRECT ANSWER- This dictates a
person's response to certain environmental exposures, but without exposure it has
no health consequence.
Explain how environmental factors influence genetic expression. - CORRECT
ANSWER- Epigenetics - heritable changes in the phenotype without changes in
the DNA structure (genotype). The environment can change what genes are
expressed and when. Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed (turned on
or off).
Central Dogma of DNA to Protein - CORRECT ANSWER- DNA - Transcription -
RNA - Translation - Protein
Types of Genetic Mutations (two big categories) - CORRECT ANSWER- 1.
Microlesions
2. Macrolesions
Types of Microlesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - CORRECT ANSWER-
1. Base-pair substitution
2. Frameshift Mutations
Types of Macrolesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - CORRECT ANSWER-
1. Chromosome Aberrations
2. Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy, polyploidy)
Explain base-pair substitution - CORRECT ANSWER- Changes the sequence of
the genetic base pairs (AT/GC) due to an interaction with an outside chemical
structure. Point mutations. Does not always change the function (but can)
Explain frameshift mutations - CORRECT ANSWER- Insertion or deletion of one
or more bases (AT/GC) in the sequence. Changes the reading frame. Almost
always get an altered protein, often leads to non-functional.
Explain Chromosome Aberrations - CORRECT ANSWER- Change in
chromosome structure via deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation. Benzene,
ionizing radiation can cause it.
