PSYC 375 Final Exam Practice Questions With Correct Answers, Latest Updated 2024/2025 (VERIFIED)

Eventually Calkins turned away from mainstream experimental psychology because she viewed it as too cold and impersonal. Instead she pursued her interest in: - Answerself-psychology James admitted that his concept of ___ was similar to the older concepts of "soul" or "spirit". - Answer- self as knower Due to Munsterberg's interests and work, he is known as one of the first: - Answerapplied psychologists When studying humans, James felt that: - Answer- both scientific and philosophic approach must be used According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was - Answer- functional According to Pragmatism - Answer- an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness Mary Calkins developed the ___task study to memory and learning - Answer- paired associate James identified ________ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved. - Answerself-esteem Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? - Answer- we strike a person and then become angry Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described his brand of psychology as: - Answer- dynamic psychology If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur. - Answer- extinction The most important concept that Sechenov introduced to psychology was: - Answerinhibition PSYC 375 Final Exam Practice Questions With Correct Answers Latest 2024/2025 (VERIFIED A+) If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called: - Answer- spontaneous recovery Watson's final position on instincts was that: - Answer- humans have no instincts Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the: - Answer- second-signal system Sechenov: - Answer- postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain What Pavlov called a conditioned reflex, Bechterev called an _______________. - Answer- association Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most likely disappoint Watson: - Answer- the popularity of cognitive psychology Watson's research indicated that rats use their ___ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately. - Answer- kinaesthetic For Sechenov, the only valid way to study psychology was to use - Answer- the objective methods of physiology If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n) - Answer- operational definition The cornerstone of Guthrie's theory of learning was the law of: - Answer- contiguity Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that - Answer- unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____. - Answer- performance; learning According to Skinner, the most important aspect of operant behaviour was that it: - Answer- was controlled by its consequences, not elicited by a stimulus. For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____. - Answer- molar behavior; purposive behavior Mach believed that: - Answer- humans could be certain only of their own sensations For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ___ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ___ behavior. - Answer- respondent; operant For Skinner, the environment was important because it: - Answer- selected behaviour through reinforcement contingencies Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of reinforcement? - Answerreinforcement changes the stimulating conditions, thus preventing unlearning. Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 decision on school desegregation? - Answer- Kenneth Clark Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: - Answer- consequences Hall did all of the following except: - Answer- he developed the first intelligence test in the U.S. According to Angell, the functional psychologist believed all of the following except: - Answer- nothing worthwhile could be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals According to Thorndike, schools should teach: - Answer- skills that will be useful to students when they leave school Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins? -she was the first woman president of the APA -she was the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association -she made significant contributions to self-psychology -all of these choices - Answer- all of these choices. Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it. - Answer- original law of effect Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to - Answer- understand animal consciousness Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism? - Answer- an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents According to James, what kept people working at boring jobs and the social strata from mixing? - Answer- habit Bechterev claimed that ____ was the founder of behaviouristic psychology. - Answerhe In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept? - Answer- the associative principles of contiguity and frequency One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it: - Answer- could not account for the most satisfying human experiences Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to: - Answertreat them as small adults According to Pavlov, ___ stimuli were initially biologically neutral - Answer- conditioned For Watson, the goal of psychology is to: - Answer- predict and control behavior Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work: - Answer- in physiology Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed. - Answer- the natural sciences Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow. In this situation, the increased saliva flow was a/an - Answer- unconditioned response (UR) In Pavlov's experimental example., the meat powder was the - Answer- unconditioned stimulus (US) The Skinnerian version of behaviour therapy: - Answer- assumes that abnormal behaviour is learned in the same way as any normal behaviour. The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicated that: - Answer- animals learned constantly, but only translated what had been learned into behaviour when there was an incentive to do so According to Guthrie, the association between stimuli and a/an ___ is formed in one trial. - Answer- movement Who attempted to formalise Guthrie's theory? - Answer- both Voeks and Estes Skinner was all of the following except -a positivist -a logical positivist -a radical behaviourist -a descriptive behaviourist - Answer- a logical positivist Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the - Answer- information-processing psychologists While at Harvard, Tolman learned from Holt and Perry that the ___ aspects of behaviour could be studied without sacrificing scientific objectivity - Answer- purposive Masters and his colleagues argue that: - Answer- institutions with token economies are unnatural and ineffective Which of the following exemplifies molar behaviour? -salivating when a bell is rung -shopping for food in a grocery store -a child hiding from a stranger -both shopping for food in a grocery store and a child hiding from a stranger - Answerboth shopping for food in a grocery store and a child hiding from a stranger Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n): - Answer- physical monist All of the following were considered positive contributions of gestalt psychology except: - Answer- it impacted clinical psychology Insightful learning has several characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics? - Answer- a principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems According to Lewin, ___ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies - Answer- Aristotle