MDC4 Exam 1 certiffied exam with question and correct answers

What is the most common type of dementia? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Alzheimer's disease Is Alzheimer's reversible? - CORRECT ANSWERS-No What is the etiology of Alzheimer's? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Unknown Alzheimer's is the result of? - CORRECT ANSWERS-changes in personality, memory, and/or judgement What are risk factors for Alzheimer's? - CORRECT ANSWERS-* 65+ years * female * head injury * APOE gene what is the patho of Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWERS-plaques, tangles, degeneration of neurons How is Alzheimer's diagnosed? - CORRECT ANSWERS-biopsy at autopsy is the only definitive way but dementia can be ruled out with CT, labs, UA, and MRI Early s/s of Alzheimer's Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-- decreased short term memory - decreased sense of smell - misplaced items Middle s/s of Alzheimer's Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-- wander - agitated - incontinent - money issues late s/s of Alzheimer's disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-- bed ridden - agnosia (inability to recognize objects, people, or sounds) Medications used for Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cholinesterase inhibitors - slow breakdown of Ach - Donepezil and Rivastigimine NMDA receptor antagonists - block excess amounts of glutamate - Memantine Nursing care for Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWERS-- safe environment (#1) good lighting, no clutter - stick with a routine - offer walks, exercise - reduce distractions - avoid use of restraints What is Parkinson's Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Movement disorder caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantial nigra. Low levels of dopamine and high levels of Ach How does Parkinson's progress? - CORRECT ANSWERS-slowly, but will eventually lead to disability How is parkinson's diagnosed - CORRECT ANSWERS-history and s/s s/s of parkinsons - CORRECT ANSWERS-- tremors - muscle rigidity - mak like facial expression - bradykinesia - shuffling gait - cogwheel rigidity in limbs - propulsive gait (head and neck forward, back is slouched) nursing care for parkinson's - CORRECT ANSWERS-- safe environment - sit up when eating, thick liquids - encourage ROM and exercise Medication for Parkinson's - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Sinemet - Levodopa (increases dopamine levels in CNS) and Carbidopa (prevents levodpa breakdown) - take at same time every day - know that increased protein can alter effectiveness - Benztropine - decreases Ach levels What are headaches? - CORRECT ANSWERS-vasodilation of blood vessels in the brain What causes headaches - CORRECT ANSWERS-genetics, stress, hormones What can trigger a headache? - CORRECT ANSWERS-coffee, yogurt, alcohol, MSG, marinated foods s/s of headache - CORRECT ANSWERS-head pain for 4-72 hours, N/V, unilateral pain, may come with aura what are cluster headaches? - CORRECT ANSWERS-happen at night, stuffy nose treatment of headache - CORRECT ANSWERS-Prophylactic = propranolol Mild = NSAID Severe = sumatriptan - ergotamine tartrate - 6 tabs in 1 day - take as soon as pain starts - MOA = constricts cerebral blood vessels What is increased ICP made of? - CORRECT ANSWERS-CSF, blood, brain what causes increased ICP - CORRECT ANSWERS-infection, trauma, increased CSF, hemorrhage, tumors s/s of increased ICP - CORRECT ANSWERS-MIND CRUSH M: mental status change (early sign) = decreased LOC, irritable, confusion I: irregular breathing (late sighn) = Cheyene Stokes N: nerve damage to eye = pupil changes D: decerebrate (limbs out) and decorticate (limbs to core) posturing C: cushing's triad (late) = HTN + brady + wide pule pressure R: reflux - N/V U: unconscious S: seizures H: headaches Nursing care for Increased ICP - CORRECT ANSWERS-PRESS P: position HOB @ 30 degrees and make sure body's midline (no flexion of neck or hips) R: respiratory we want to prevent hypercapnia by hyperventilating (limit suctioning) E: elevated temp - prevent it! S: system checks = neuro checks S: straining things - avoid it (no lifting, blowing nose, cough/sneeze) Additional Nursing care measures for ICP - CORRECT ANSWERS-- turn down the lights - no TV or noise - put sign on door telling visitors to see nurse first What do you NOT do when someone has increased ICP? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lumbar Puncture What is the Glasgow Coma Scale? - CORRECT ANSWERS--A brain injury severity scale t