TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
I WIRELESS CHANNELS
1.1 RADIO PROPAGATION 1
1.2 PATH LOSS MODELS 12
1.3 FREE SPACE AND TWO-RAY MODELS 16
1.4 LINK BUDGET DESIGN 18
1.5 SMALL SCALE FADING 26
1.6 PARAMETERS OF MOBILE MULIPATH 29
CHANNELS
1.7 TIME DISPERSION PARAMETERS 33
1.8 FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING 39
1.9 FADING DUE TO DOPPLER SPREAD 40
II CELLUAR ARCHITECTURE
2.1 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 43
2.2 CELLUAR CONCEPTS 51
2.3 FREQUENCY REUSE 59
2.4 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT 71
2.5 HAND OFF 73
2.6 TRUMING & GRADE OF SERVICE 76
2.7 COVERAGE CAPACITY AND IMPROVEMENT 78
III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING
CHANNELS
3.1 STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS 81
COMMUNICATION LINK
3.2 PRINCIPLE S OF OFFSET 90
1
,3.3 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING 90
3.4 π/4 - DQPSK 93
3.5 MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING MODULATION 95
3.6 GMSK MODULATION – GAUSSIAN MINIMUM 97
SHIFT KEYING
3.7 ERROR PERFORMANCE IN FADING 100
CHANNELS
3.8 OFDM 101
3.9 CYCLIC PREFIX 115
3.10 WINDOWING 120
3.11 POWERED AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATOR 121
IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
4.1 EQUALIZATION 126
4.2 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EQUALIZATION 129
4.3 ZERO-FORCING EQUALIZER 132
4.4 LEAST MEAN SQUARES FILTER 133
4.5 MICRO AND MACRODIVERSITY 136
4.6 DIVERSITY COMBINING TECHNIQUES 142
4.7 ERROR PROBABILITY IN FADING CHANNELS 149
WITH DIVERSITY RECEPTION
4.8 RAKE RECEIVER 151
V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES
5.1 MIMO 155
5.2 SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING 168
5.3 SYSTEM MODEL 170
5.4 PRECODING 176
5.5 BEAMFORMING 182
2
,5.6 TRANSMITTER DIVERSITY 189
5.7 RECEIVER DIVERSITY 190
5.8 CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION 192
5.9 CAPACITY OF FADING CHANNELS 193
5.10 CAPACITY OF NON FADING CHANNELS 197
3
, CHAPTER 1
WIRELESS CHANNELS
1.1 RADIO PROPAGATION
The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the performance
of wireless communication systems. Radio channels are extremely random and
do not offer easy analysis.
Modelling radio channel is important for:
Determining the coverage area of a transmitter
o Determine the transmitter power requirement
o Determine the battery lifetime
Finding modulation and coding schemes to improve the channel
quality and Determine the maximum channel capacity
Fig. 1.1 Small-scale and large scale fading
4
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
I WIRELESS CHANNELS
1.1 RADIO PROPAGATION 1
1.2 PATH LOSS MODELS 12
1.3 FREE SPACE AND TWO-RAY MODELS 16
1.4 LINK BUDGET DESIGN 18
1.5 SMALL SCALE FADING 26
1.6 PARAMETERS OF MOBILE MULIPATH 29
CHANNELS
1.7 TIME DISPERSION PARAMETERS 33
1.8 FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING 39
1.9 FADING DUE TO DOPPLER SPREAD 40
II CELLUAR ARCHITECTURE
2.1 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 43
2.2 CELLUAR CONCEPTS 51
2.3 FREQUENCY REUSE 59
2.4 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT 71
2.5 HAND OFF 73
2.6 TRUMING & GRADE OF SERVICE 76
2.7 COVERAGE CAPACITY AND IMPROVEMENT 78
III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING
CHANNELS
3.1 STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS 81
COMMUNICATION LINK
3.2 PRINCIPLE S OF OFFSET 90
1
,3.3 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING 90
3.4 π/4 - DQPSK 93
3.5 MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING MODULATION 95
3.6 GMSK MODULATION – GAUSSIAN MINIMUM 97
SHIFT KEYING
3.7 ERROR PERFORMANCE IN FADING 100
CHANNELS
3.8 OFDM 101
3.9 CYCLIC PREFIX 115
3.10 WINDOWING 120
3.11 POWERED AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATOR 121
IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
4.1 EQUALIZATION 126
4.2 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EQUALIZATION 129
4.3 ZERO-FORCING EQUALIZER 132
4.4 LEAST MEAN SQUARES FILTER 133
4.5 MICRO AND MACRODIVERSITY 136
4.6 DIVERSITY COMBINING TECHNIQUES 142
4.7 ERROR PROBABILITY IN FADING CHANNELS 149
WITH DIVERSITY RECEPTION
4.8 RAKE RECEIVER 151
V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES
5.1 MIMO 155
5.2 SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING 168
5.3 SYSTEM MODEL 170
5.4 PRECODING 176
5.5 BEAMFORMING 182
2
,5.6 TRANSMITTER DIVERSITY 189
5.7 RECEIVER DIVERSITY 190
5.8 CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION 192
5.9 CAPACITY OF FADING CHANNELS 193
5.10 CAPACITY OF NON FADING CHANNELS 197
3
, CHAPTER 1
WIRELESS CHANNELS
1.1 RADIO PROPAGATION
The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the performance
of wireless communication systems. Radio channels are extremely random and
do not offer easy analysis.
Modelling radio channel is important for:
Determining the coverage area of a transmitter
o Determine the transmitter power requirement
o Determine the battery lifetime
Finding modulation and coding schemes to improve the channel
quality and Determine the maximum channel capacity
Fig. 1.1 Small-scale and large scale fading
4
