Kisi2:
1. Semua jenis-jenis tes (aptitude, personality, achievement, projective, dsb.)
2. Standardization, validity, reliability
3. History of psychological measurement
4. Criteria of the personality test
5. Fluid and crystalized intelligence
6. IQ scores
7. Intellectual disability & gifted
8. Jenis-jenis kecerdasan menurut tokoh (Gardner, Stenberg,
Spearman)
9. Concepts in psychological measurement
1.
A psychological test is a standardized measure of a sample of a person’s behavior.
-measure the individual differences among people in their abili- ties, aptitudes, interests, and
aspects of personality.
Principal Types of Test
1) Mental Ability Test
-Intelligence tests measure general mental ability. They’re intended to assess intellectual
potential rather than previous learning or accumulated knowledge (mengetes potensi daripada
test pengetahuan)
-Aptitude tests assess specific types of mental abilities. Aptitude tests are also designed to
measure potential more than knowledge, but they break mental ability into separate
components. For example, the Differential Aptitude Tests assess verbal reasoning, numerical
ability, abstract reasoning, perceptual speed and accuracy, mechanical reasoning, space
relations, spelling, and language usage
-Achievement tests gauge a person’s mastery and knowledge of various subjects. They’re
supposed to measure previous learning instead of potential.
2) Personality Test
-Measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes
-Many psychologists prefer to call these tests personality scales because, unlike tests of mental
abilities, the questions do not have right or wrong answers.
2.
Standardization and Norms
Standardization refers to the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a
test.All subjects get the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limits so that
their scores can be compared meaningfully.
The standardization of a test’s scoring system includes the development of test norms. Test
norms provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other
, scores on that test. Test norms are important because in psychological testing everything is
relative.
test norms allow you to convert your “raw score” on a test into a percentile. A percentile score
indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained.
Reliability
Reliability refers to the measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement
techniques) One widely used approach is to check test-retest reliability, which is estimated by
comparing subjects’ scores on two administrations of a test.
-If we wanted to check the test-retest reliability of a newly developed test of assertiveness, we
would ask a group of subjects to take the test on two occasions, probably a few weeks apart
-Reliability estimates require the computation of correlation coefficients.
-If people get fairly similar scores on our two hypothetical assertiveness tests, this consis- tency
yields a substantial positive correlation
Validity
Validity refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
-the term validity is also used to refer to the accuracy or usefulness of the inferences or
decisions based on a test
-Content validity : Content validity refers to the degree to which the content of a test is
representative of the domain it’s supposed to cover. Achievement tests and educational tests
such as class- room exams should have adequate content validity.
-Criterion-related validity : Criterion- related validity is estimated by correlating subjects’ scores
on a test with their scores on an inde- pendent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed
by the test.
-Construct Validity : the extent to which evidence shows that a test measures a particular
hypothetical construct.
3.
-begun over 1400 years ago (digunakan pada Chinese Imperial Examination)
-the first modern psychological tests were invented only a little over a hundred years ago
Francis Galton (19th century)
-demonstrates that intelligence is governed by heredity. He tried to assess innate mental ability
by measuring simple sensory processes.
-He measured sensitivity to high-pitched sounds, color perception, and reaction time.
Alfred Binet (1904)
-Devised a test to identify mentally subnormal children who could benefit from special education
programs.
-In 1905 he published the first useful test of general mental ability.
-They had the insight to load it with items that require abstract reasoning skills, rather than the
sensory skills Galton had measured
1. Semua jenis-jenis tes (aptitude, personality, achievement, projective, dsb.)
2. Standardization, validity, reliability
3. History of psychological measurement
4. Criteria of the personality test
5. Fluid and crystalized intelligence
6. IQ scores
7. Intellectual disability & gifted
8. Jenis-jenis kecerdasan menurut tokoh (Gardner, Stenberg,
Spearman)
9. Concepts in psychological measurement
1.
A psychological test is a standardized measure of a sample of a person’s behavior.
-measure the individual differences among people in their abili- ties, aptitudes, interests, and
aspects of personality.
Principal Types of Test
1) Mental Ability Test
-Intelligence tests measure general mental ability. They’re intended to assess intellectual
potential rather than previous learning or accumulated knowledge (mengetes potensi daripada
test pengetahuan)
-Aptitude tests assess specific types of mental abilities. Aptitude tests are also designed to
measure potential more than knowledge, but they break mental ability into separate
components. For example, the Differential Aptitude Tests assess verbal reasoning, numerical
ability, abstract reasoning, perceptual speed and accuracy, mechanical reasoning, space
relations, spelling, and language usage
-Achievement tests gauge a person’s mastery and knowledge of various subjects. They’re
supposed to measure previous learning instead of potential.
2) Personality Test
-Measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes
-Many psychologists prefer to call these tests personality scales because, unlike tests of mental
abilities, the questions do not have right or wrong answers.
2.
Standardization and Norms
Standardization refers to the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a
test.All subjects get the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limits so that
their scores can be compared meaningfully.
The standardization of a test’s scoring system includes the development of test norms. Test
norms provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other
, scores on that test. Test norms are important because in psychological testing everything is
relative.
test norms allow you to convert your “raw score” on a test into a percentile. A percentile score
indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained.
Reliability
Reliability refers to the measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement
techniques) One widely used approach is to check test-retest reliability, which is estimated by
comparing subjects’ scores on two administrations of a test.
-If we wanted to check the test-retest reliability of a newly developed test of assertiveness, we
would ask a group of subjects to take the test on two occasions, probably a few weeks apart
-Reliability estimates require the computation of correlation coefficients.
-If people get fairly similar scores on our two hypothetical assertiveness tests, this consis- tency
yields a substantial positive correlation
Validity
Validity refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
-the term validity is also used to refer to the accuracy or usefulness of the inferences or
decisions based on a test
-Content validity : Content validity refers to the degree to which the content of a test is
representative of the domain it’s supposed to cover. Achievement tests and educational tests
such as class- room exams should have adequate content validity.
-Criterion-related validity : Criterion- related validity is estimated by correlating subjects’ scores
on a test with their scores on an inde- pendent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed
by the test.
-Construct Validity : the extent to which evidence shows that a test measures a particular
hypothetical construct.
3.
-begun over 1400 years ago (digunakan pada Chinese Imperial Examination)
-the first modern psychological tests were invented only a little over a hundred years ago
Francis Galton (19th century)
-demonstrates that intelligence is governed by heredity. He tried to assess innate mental ability
by measuring simple sensory processes.
-He measured sensitivity to high-pitched sounds, color perception, and reaction time.
Alfred Binet (1904)
-Devised a test to identify mentally subnormal children who could benefit from special education
programs.
-In 1905 he published the first useful test of general mental ability.
-They had the insight to load it with items that require abstract reasoning skills, rather than the
sensory skills Galton had measured
