Kisi2 :
-Types of memory
-STM, LTM, working memory
-Forgetting
-Tip of the tongue phenomenon : ingat akan sesuatu tapi ga kepikiran / muncul itu tuh gimana
(kaya blank pas lagi ujian)
-Encoding involves forming a memory code. Encoding requires attention.
-Memory is largely an active process. Kita gak bakal inget sesuatu unless kita melakukan usaha
kesadaran
-Storage involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time. (proses penyimpanan)
-Retrieval involves recovering information from memory stores (kaya nyari file dari
penyimpanan)
-Process : encoding - storage - retrieval
7.1 Encoding
The role of attention :
-we need to pay attention to information if we intend to remember it
-attention involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events.
(Jadi kalau kita ga terlalu ngasih perhatian ke suatu hal kita bakal cepet lupa)
-divide attention between memory encoding : large reduction in memory performance
-perhatian yang terbagi dapat berdampak negatif pada kinerja berbagai tugas, terutama ketika
tugas-tugas tersebut kompleks atau asing
Levels of Processing :
-structural encoding : shallow processing (pengolahan dangkal) that emphasizes the physical
structure of the stimulus.
-phonemic encoding :emphasizes what a word sounds like. involves naming or saying
-semantic encoding : emphasizes the meaning of verbal input. Involves thinking about the
objects and actions the word represents. (jdi kek klo ada kata muncul kita bisa tau)
-deeper levels of processing result in longer- lasting memory codes.
Enriching Encoding :
-elaboration : the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
-visual imagery : the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered. (lebih
gampang kalau bendanya konkrit. Kalau abstrak lebih susah)
-dual-coding theory holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes
since either can lead to recall.
7.2 Maintaining Information in Memory
Sensory memory :
-Sensory memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only
a fraction of a second
-In the case of vision, people really perceive an afterimage rather than the actual stimulus
, Short-Term Memory :
-Short-term memory (STM) is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information
for up to about 20 seconds.
-rehearsal : the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information. Rehearsal
keeps recycling the information through your short-term memory.
-theorists originally believed that the loss of information from short-term memory was
attributable purely to time-related decay of memory traces, but follow-up research showed that
interference from competing material may be more important
-When short-term memory is filled to capacity, the insertion of new information “bumps out”
some of the information currently in short-term memory.
-people can increase the capacity of their short- term memory by combining stimuli into larger,
possibly higher-order units, called chunks. A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a
single unit.
Short-term as working memory :
-working memory : a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information.
- The first component is the phonological loop, which represented all of short- term memory in
earlier models. This component is at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a
password or phone number.
-The second component in working memory is a visuospatial sketchpad that permits people to
temporarily hold and manipu- late visual images. This component is at work when you try to
mentally rearrange the furniture in your bedroom.
-The third component is the central executive system. It controls the deployment of attention,
switching the focus of attention and dividing attention, as needed.
-The fourth component is the episodic buffer, a temporary, limited capacity store that allows the
various components of working memory to integrate information and that serves as an interface
between working memory and long-term memory.
Long-Term Memory :
-Long-term memory (LTM) is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy
periods of time.
-According to this view, forgetting occurs only be- cause people sometimes cannot retrieve
needed information.
How is Knowledge Represented in Memory?
-Categories and Conceptual Hierarchies : classification system based on common properties
-Schemas : organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from
previous experience with the object or event.
-Semantic Networks : consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways
that link related concepts.
7.3 Retrieval
Using Cues to Aid Retrieval :
-Types of memory
-STM, LTM, working memory
-Forgetting
-Tip of the tongue phenomenon : ingat akan sesuatu tapi ga kepikiran / muncul itu tuh gimana
(kaya blank pas lagi ujian)
-Encoding involves forming a memory code. Encoding requires attention.
-Memory is largely an active process. Kita gak bakal inget sesuatu unless kita melakukan usaha
kesadaran
-Storage involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time. (proses penyimpanan)
-Retrieval involves recovering information from memory stores (kaya nyari file dari
penyimpanan)
-Process : encoding - storage - retrieval
7.1 Encoding
The role of attention :
-we need to pay attention to information if we intend to remember it
-attention involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events.
(Jadi kalau kita ga terlalu ngasih perhatian ke suatu hal kita bakal cepet lupa)
-divide attention between memory encoding : large reduction in memory performance
-perhatian yang terbagi dapat berdampak negatif pada kinerja berbagai tugas, terutama ketika
tugas-tugas tersebut kompleks atau asing
Levels of Processing :
-structural encoding : shallow processing (pengolahan dangkal) that emphasizes the physical
structure of the stimulus.
-phonemic encoding :emphasizes what a word sounds like. involves naming or saying
-semantic encoding : emphasizes the meaning of verbal input. Involves thinking about the
objects and actions the word represents. (jdi kek klo ada kata muncul kita bisa tau)
-deeper levels of processing result in longer- lasting memory codes.
Enriching Encoding :
-elaboration : the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
-visual imagery : the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered. (lebih
gampang kalau bendanya konkrit. Kalau abstrak lebih susah)
-dual-coding theory holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes
since either can lead to recall.
7.2 Maintaining Information in Memory
Sensory memory :
-Sensory memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only
a fraction of a second
-In the case of vision, people really perceive an afterimage rather than the actual stimulus
, Short-Term Memory :
-Short-term memory (STM) is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information
for up to about 20 seconds.
-rehearsal : the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information. Rehearsal
keeps recycling the information through your short-term memory.
-theorists originally believed that the loss of information from short-term memory was
attributable purely to time-related decay of memory traces, but follow-up research showed that
interference from competing material may be more important
-When short-term memory is filled to capacity, the insertion of new information “bumps out”
some of the information currently in short-term memory.
-people can increase the capacity of their short- term memory by combining stimuli into larger,
possibly higher-order units, called chunks. A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a
single unit.
Short-term as working memory :
-working memory : a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information.
- The first component is the phonological loop, which represented all of short- term memory in
earlier models. This component is at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a
password or phone number.
-The second component in working memory is a visuospatial sketchpad that permits people to
temporarily hold and manipu- late visual images. This component is at work when you try to
mentally rearrange the furniture in your bedroom.
-The third component is the central executive system. It controls the deployment of attention,
switching the focus of attention and dividing attention, as needed.
-The fourth component is the episodic buffer, a temporary, limited capacity store that allows the
various components of working memory to integrate information and that serves as an interface
between working memory and long-term memory.
Long-Term Memory :
-Long-term memory (LTM) is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy
periods of time.
-According to this view, forgetting occurs only be- cause people sometimes cannot retrieve
needed information.
How is Knowledge Represented in Memory?
-Categories and Conceptual Hierarchies : classification system based on common properties
-Schemas : organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from
previous experience with the object or event.
-Semantic Networks : consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways
that link related concepts.
7.3 Retrieval
Using Cues to Aid Retrieval :
