EPPP Practice Exam Questions and
Answers.
J. Berry acculturation, integration -
\J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the
minority culture and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration
would be displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and
high maintenance of the mainstream culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women -
\Lenore Walker describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building,
acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits
of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies,
assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The
relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse
and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the
relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in
an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effect -
\If we are reinforced for performing two different operants, and reinforcement for one of
these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the remaining reinforced
behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains seems to become
more valuable.
doctrine of comparable worth -
\States that workers (in particular, men and women) should get equal pay for performing
jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimism -
\In Seligman's theory of learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed
to be the opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make
internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend
to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to negative events.
Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal
attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution.
That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time")
- which are both external and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is
better since being unlucky would imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder -
\The symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors,
often become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has
,a chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other
symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris,
J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of
Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.)
Group polarization -
\A group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the other) than those
that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This phenomenon is
referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization is that group
members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group members,
they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would
if they were acting alone.
Solomon's four group design -
\a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some
groups are pretested and others are not.
MANOVA -
\A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects of one or
more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each
measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVA -
\A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design, which includes
two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable is measured on
an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each
independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each
variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question
has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program
and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means
that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at
different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly
effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet
ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may
have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may
not have been effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVA -
\A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has one independent variable and more
than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA -
\The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the appropriate technique when at least one
independent variable is a between-groups variable and another independent variable is
a within-subjects variable.
, experiment wise error rate -
\alpha (chance of Type I error) for all analyses done on a data set
capitation -
\A common method of reimbursement used primarily by health maintenance
organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per capita amount
for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few services the
patient uses.
time-series quasi-experimental design -
\-Used when only ONE group is available to study over a longer period of time
-Useful for determining trends over time
-Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a
baseline point of reference on outcomes.
-The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times
afterward to determine a change from baseline.
-The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative
explanations, such as history effects.
-Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points,
maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group
Transvestic fetishism -
\heterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or
behaviors involving cross dressing.
Exhibitionism -
\exposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
Gender Identity Disorder -
\strong and persistent cross-gender identification with evidence of clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.
cognitive dissonance -
\The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are
inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash,
we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
A person is motivated to reduce the negative, aversive state that results when his or
her cognitions conflict with each other. From the perspective of this theory, the poor
client paying a very high fee would experience a state of dissonance. Therefore, this
client, more than those in the other responses, would be motivated to believe that he or
she is benefitting from therapy.
Sleep patterns of persons with/at-risk of depression -
\Research has found that depression is most associated with a more rapid onset of
REM sleep, decreased percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of
Answers.
J. Berry acculturation, integration -
\J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the
minority culture and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration
would be displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and
high maintenance of the mainstream culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women -
\Lenore Walker describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building,
acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits
of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies,
assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The
relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse
and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the
relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in
an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effect -
\If we are reinforced for performing two different operants, and reinforcement for one of
these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the remaining reinforced
behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains seems to become
more valuable.
doctrine of comparable worth -
\States that workers (in particular, men and women) should get equal pay for performing
jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimism -
\In Seligman's theory of learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed
to be the opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make
internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend
to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to negative events.
Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal
attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution.
That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time")
- which are both external and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is
better since being unlucky would imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder -
\The symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors,
often become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has
,a chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other
symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris,
J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of
Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.)
Group polarization -
\A group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the other) than those
that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This phenomenon is
referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization is that group
members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group members,
they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would
if they were acting alone.
Solomon's four group design -
\a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some
groups are pretested and others are not.
MANOVA -
\A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects of one or
more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each
measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVA -
\A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design, which includes
two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable is measured on
an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each
independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each
variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question
has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program
and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means
that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at
different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly
effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet
ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may
have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may
not have been effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVA -
\A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has one independent variable and more
than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA -
\The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the appropriate technique when at least one
independent variable is a between-groups variable and another independent variable is
a within-subjects variable.
, experiment wise error rate -
\alpha (chance of Type I error) for all analyses done on a data set
capitation -
\A common method of reimbursement used primarily by health maintenance
organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per capita amount
for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few services the
patient uses.
time-series quasi-experimental design -
\-Used when only ONE group is available to study over a longer period of time
-Useful for determining trends over time
-Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a
baseline point of reference on outcomes.
-The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times
afterward to determine a change from baseline.
-The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative
explanations, such as history effects.
-Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points,
maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group
Transvestic fetishism -
\heterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or
behaviors involving cross dressing.
Exhibitionism -
\exposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
Gender Identity Disorder -
\strong and persistent cross-gender identification with evidence of clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.
cognitive dissonance -
\The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are
inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash,
we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
A person is motivated to reduce the negative, aversive state that results when his or
her cognitions conflict with each other. From the perspective of this theory, the poor
client paying a very high fee would experience a state of dissonance. Therefore, this
client, more than those in the other responses, would be motivated to believe that he or
she is benefitting from therapy.
Sleep patterns of persons with/at-risk of depression -
\Research has found that depression is most associated with a more rapid onset of
REM sleep, decreased percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of
