Oceanography-100 SDSU Final Exam Study Guide (Sacrementa-Grilo) Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Correctly done

Biological Productivity - the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem; western margins of continents have high prosuctivity and the Artic has the most because of high levels of upwelling and downwelling bc there is no thermocline Photosynthesis formula - 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight --- C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis - Inputs: Carbon Dioxide, water, sunlightOutputs: Glucose, oxygen Euphotic Zone - Upper layer of a body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis. Plants - Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plant Protists - Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Protista A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. (ALGAE) Protists: Large Algae - brown seaweed and kelp red and green algae Protists: Small Algae - Phytoplankton; has the best & most producers; Diatoms Coccolithophores (chalk) DinoflagellatesBacteria - Domain: Prokaryote Kingdom: Prokaryote True Plants - Seed plants, grasses and mangroves Cyanobacteria - first photosynthesizes; phytoplankton; oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae). What is taken from algae for our use and what kind of algae is it? - Coccolithophores is a micro algae protist that is used for chalk Regions of High Productivity - -polar regions (bc there is no thermocline & there is upwelling and downwelling) -coasts (there is some upwelling and river runoff from continents) -coral reefs (lots of sea life) Regions of Low Productivity - Open ocean; espcially within subtropical gyres bc of the stable thermocline and no nutrients from land What are the most abundant of all sea plants? - Phytoplankton Producers - most important; at the bottom of the food chain; they are the organisms that photosynthesize Autotrophs - Organisms that are able to make their own food "primary producer" Consumers - all animals Heterotroph - An organism that cannot make its own food.Pelagic - environment of the open sea Vertebrate Characteristics and Adaptations - (amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, mammals) all higher vertebrates evolved from fish like ancestors; 500 mya Swimming/Buoyancy - streamline shape (for speed and less energy expended) to reduce water drag; fish-fins (coddle fin to increase speed); Mammals - modified limbs (up & down mechanisms) Avoiding Predators - camouflage; exterior spines, speed, poison, symbiotic relationship; schools/pods (social groups) Diffusion - when a solute goes from an area of high concentration to low concentration (their blood has higher CO2 and low O2 and so they exchange one gas for another) Symbiotic Mutualism - both organisms benefit Deep Sea Fish Adaptations - ○ Good senses (no eyes/eyes to see in dark) ○ Largemouth sharp teeth ○ Expandable bodies ○ Bioluminescence (ability to make light) ○ Male permanently attached to female Angler Fish - Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) - Most successful group in the ocean; great diversity, adaptations Basic Characteristics: Skeleton composed of bone Homocercal tail (two lobes of equal size) that provides forward thrust Flat bony scales (ctenoid or cycloid) Bony operculum covers the gillsSwim bladder used for buoyancy control (absent in some demersal species) Lateral line for sensory information Over 31,000 species known (marine and freshwater), about half of all known vertebrates species Placoderms - A member of an extinct group of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor; 400 mya (Osteichthye) Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) - -Sharks - many are predators -Rays - flattened bottom feeders -enlarged pectoral fins allow them to "fly" through the water