GGR124 FINAL EXAM (100%Rated Best for Final Exam Preparations) 2024.

GGR124 FINAL EXAM (100%Rated Best for Final Exam Preparations) 2024. Section A: Definitions (70% of exam -- from exam elections) ● Define and discuss the geographic significance of all ten of the following terms, concepts, and places ○ Provide examples from the course readings, films, and lectures wherever possible Exam Election Concepts: a) Define b) Explain significance to urban geography --why is this important? c) Provide examples -- readings/podcasts for the week (ie. how it was applied to modern geography) Concept Definition Significance to Urban Geography Examples Time-space Compression Compression of geographic space by faster means of transport/communication → relational (not absolute) conception of space -Depends on geographic barriers (economic, global and political) - Relationships between places change depending on infrastructure (a result of decisions and plans) - Relies on access to transportation/communication (skype, subway lines), ie. infrastructure and its maintenance, cost of use and political restrictions - Power geometries also emphasize the uneven experience of time-space compression (impacts people differently) - In Toronto, new subway line (Travel time to York University before vs. now) - JOURNEY TIME FROM LONDON TO PARISsignificantly reduced through the introduction of the train, in comparison to car More affordable than flying Refugee camp in Paris where someone died trying to go to the UK -Skype Calls, -Access to Subway lines in general to increase movement within a space. -As discussed in lecture, restructuring (EP) Economic- Growth of primary cluster( high-level business service)-i.,e telecommunications, education) Growth of Secondary Cluster (employment) More construction or ability to create more subway lines and transportation techniques and telecommunication towers 5th cluster government's role in the creation to build and reproduce planning, transportation and policing. -gentrification of formerly industrial areas. -As explained in Massey’s Global Sense of Place… -Can also be related to the Slavery reading... if slaves wanted to move around freely they needed a pass from their owner, African Americans, not the same mobility as white. BOTH BELTS REPRESENT AGREEMENT: and RECONCILIATION Two Row Wampum -Reconcil: relationship building… has to be co-created and continually acted upon Agreement between the original people of Turtle Island and European immigrants that signified the decision of the groups to remain independent together → 2 Purple rows of beads on a white background -White: peace, friendship, respect -purple: two vessels travelling down the same river. -go the same way; show they move side by side together through the river of life, but avoid overlapping or interfering with each other -One row is the Haudenosaunee laws and customs the other is the Europeans laws and customs. -Remain independent together. - Haudenosaunee that indigenous nations defend today -Sharing land - Reconciliation and repair in Toronto -Continue aboriginal tradition, Native peoples are integrally involved in the history and knowledge of the land we live in today. -Built for the basis of all future Haudenosaunee relationships. -***TRW reading: foundational philosophical principle for non-domination balance, and harmony for different forces that can be translated to many scenarios. -Peace, respect and friendships rows=NATIONTO-NATION, human and the environment and lovers/partner relationships -Can function as a framework for decolonization to maintain themselves on their own land based on their own systems of self-governance, organization and economics rather than being driven by profitability and production for markets. - Two Row Wampum belt -From the TRW reading: “Neither of us will try to steer each other’s vessel” -Avoid issues including in the Native History reading: THE TORONTO PURCHASE () The agreement for the land where Sir John Johnson and Col John Cutler left a blank spot in the agreement, to be filled in after the fact/ Leading to unfair treatment of the aboriginal peoples. *More land was taken from them that was not agreed upon. *Going against the Two Row Wampum -Aboriginal naming of streets still exist (Spadina)? -TRW reading: crisis of capitalism intensifying the anniversary i9s a good time to reflect and redefine the relationship between indig and non indig peoples. -Within Rowe & Tucks Settler Colonialism Handbook Colonialism can be related to this because it is defined as: -INEQUALITY of indigenous from accessing adequate income, housing, education acquiring full or partial political control over another country -VANCOUVER becoming the world’s first city of reconciliation.3rd highest aboriginal population focused on inciting things to better aboriginal life like: housing and shelter, employment etc Dish with 1 Spoon -Between indigenous -Agreement between the Anishinabe, Mississauga and Haudenosaunee people that signifies the responsibility of the 3 groups to share the Southern Ontario “Dish” and protect the land -Peacefully share land and resources → everyone eats out of the same dish, so it’s everyone's responsibility to make sure it is accessible and never empty (no knifes at the table; signifies that there is no violence) -Mutually beneficial to hunt, fish, food and free travel (Mobility across land) - Responsibility since the cultures in Toronto are dynamic and interacted (trade and commerce) -why not acknowledge Toronto as One Dish One Spoon territory because it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world -Not compatible with European notions of private ownership. 1 Dish 1 Spoon Wampum belt -First Nations still use One Dish One Spoon Agreement. -Tkaronto trade agreement indigenous trade network -Caledonia Standoffrapid urbanization making conflicts between cities and indig people over land encroachment? -At Queen and Dufferin billboard advertising how Canadians should see themselves as living in the dish. (We are diverse but can live together peacefully if we respect our mutual rights. 3 Cities Cities in general= command and control centres of the global economy From a report that takes data from 1970 to 2005, Toronto’s neighborhoods fall into 3 clear groups based on socioeconomic status (INCOME POLARIZATION) City 1...High income, central city close to subway lines -Clear concentration of wealth and poverty that is emerging. Making the poor poorer... - Income polarization in the global city - Could also be a result of immigration policy, education, expenses and cost of living -Segregation of the city by income is reversible: Public policies, more affordable lowincome households and expand access to transit -Rise of POSTMODERNURBANISM -chaotic process that includes gated communities and life- - Toronto’s middle-income area shrank dramatically from 1970 to 2005, highincome area slightly increased, and lowincome area increased substantially - Poverty has moved from the Centre to the edges of downtown -Global News rise of income inequality -5 keys from Hulchanski -Middle-income shrank, high income increased threatening environmental degradation slightly, low income increased substantially -Poverty has moved to outskirts -Long-term trends but it is not inevitable and reversible -Further verified by Poverty by postal code – increase in the number of high poverty neighborhoods and cover a much broader portion of the cities -Race plays a role as described by Canada’s Economic Apartheid- “almost every one of the poorest groups are visible minority, overwhelming discrimination.