NRS 325: Exam 1 2023
cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS function is normal; all cellular functions
carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
cellular growth - CORRECT ANSWERS cells that go through mitosis to
grow/heal/repair tissues
cellular reproduction - CORRECT ANSWERS cells that go through meiosis for
sexual reproduction
Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWERS an increase in number
cellular differentiation - CORRECT ANSWERS mature cells are specialized for
different purposes
scope of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS normal and functional cell
activity ←→ mutations and dysfunctional activity
4 attributes of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. growth
2. reproduction
3. proliferation
4. differentiation
atrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS cells decrease in size
hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Increase in cell size
Results in enlarged tissue mass
metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS little irregular/abnormal change in the nature
of a tissue, cells differentiate into cell types not normally found in that location of
the body
abnormal cells decrease the ___________ of the whole tissue/organ - CORRECT
ANSWERS function
dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS very irregular/abnormal development, loss of
DNA control over differentiation
When there is a cellular-level change, nurses can find ________ changes - CORRECT
ANSWERS assessment
7 benign characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS - Encapsulated
- Cells are differentiated/normal = look similar to parent cell
, - Slowly growing
- Slightly vascular = nearby blood vessel
- Does not metastasize = does not spread
- localized
- obstructive
Malignant characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS - No capsule
- Cells are abnormal: irregular size and shape
- Invades tissue
- More vascular
- Can metastasis
- Can direct blood vessels to make more of them
true or false: benign tumors do not have capsules - CORRECT ANSWERS false. they
do
true or false: benign tumors metastasize - CORRECT ANSWERS false
true or false: malignant tumors are more similar to parent cells - CORRECT ANSWERS
false
9 risk factors for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. age
2. physical activity
3. diet
4. UV exposure
5. pollutants
6. smoking, tobacco
7. chronic inflammation
8 poverty/underserved
9. genes
5 primary preventions for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - Healthy diet
- Regular physical activity
- Smoking cessation
- Avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight
- Prophylactic surgery
secondary preventions for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Screenings:
Mammograms,Colonoscopy, prostate-specific antigen, guaiac test for occult
blood
true or false: primary preventions for cancer must be individualized - CORRECT
ANSWERS true
what does a pathology test (biopsy, cytology, bone marrow aspiration) do? - CORRECT
ANSWERS - provides sample of cells/tissue
cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS function is normal; all cellular functions
carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
cellular growth - CORRECT ANSWERS cells that go through mitosis to
grow/heal/repair tissues
cellular reproduction - CORRECT ANSWERS cells that go through meiosis for
sexual reproduction
Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWERS an increase in number
cellular differentiation - CORRECT ANSWERS mature cells are specialized for
different purposes
scope of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS normal and functional cell
activity ←→ mutations and dysfunctional activity
4 attributes of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. growth
2. reproduction
3. proliferation
4. differentiation
atrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS cells decrease in size
hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Increase in cell size
Results in enlarged tissue mass
metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS little irregular/abnormal change in the nature
of a tissue, cells differentiate into cell types not normally found in that location of
the body
abnormal cells decrease the ___________ of the whole tissue/organ - CORRECT
ANSWERS function
dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS very irregular/abnormal development, loss of
DNA control over differentiation
When there is a cellular-level change, nurses can find ________ changes - CORRECT
ANSWERS assessment
7 benign characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS - Encapsulated
- Cells are differentiated/normal = look similar to parent cell
, - Slowly growing
- Slightly vascular = nearby blood vessel
- Does not metastasize = does not spread
- localized
- obstructive
Malignant characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS - No capsule
- Cells are abnormal: irregular size and shape
- Invades tissue
- More vascular
- Can metastasis
- Can direct blood vessels to make more of them
true or false: benign tumors do not have capsules - CORRECT ANSWERS false. they
do
true or false: benign tumors metastasize - CORRECT ANSWERS false
true or false: malignant tumors are more similar to parent cells - CORRECT ANSWERS
false
9 risk factors for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. age
2. physical activity
3. diet
4. UV exposure
5. pollutants
6. smoking, tobacco
7. chronic inflammation
8 poverty/underserved
9. genes
5 primary preventions for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - Healthy diet
- Regular physical activity
- Smoking cessation
- Avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight
- Prophylactic surgery
secondary preventions for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Screenings:
Mammograms,Colonoscopy, prostate-specific antigen, guaiac test for occult
blood
true or false: primary preventions for cancer must be individualized - CORRECT
ANSWERS true
what does a pathology test (biopsy, cytology, bone marrow aspiration) do? - CORRECT
ANSWERS - provides sample of cells/tissue
