NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COURSE CODE: BIO 210
COURSE TITLE: SEED PLANTS
, BIO 210: SEED PLANTS
COURSE DEVELOPMENT
Course Writer/Developer: Adams, Abiodun E.
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos
Programme Leaders: Professor Afolabi Adebanjo
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos
And
Dr AdoBaba Ahmed
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos.
Content Editor: Professor Afolabi Adebanjo
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos
Course Coordinator: Adams Abiodun E.
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos.
2
,CONTENTS
Module 1 Origin and Evolution of Seed Plants
Unit 1 Introduction to Spermatophyte---------------------3-12
Unit 2 Origin and Evolution of Seed Plant-----------------13-20
Module 2 Life Cycles of Seed Plants
Unit 3 Reproduction in Gymnosperms------------------------21-27
Unit 4 Reproduction in Angiosperms-------------------------28-47
Module 3 Morphology and Anatomy of Seed Plants-------
Unit 1 Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants- Stem---------48-56
Unit 2 Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants- Leaf----------57-66
Unit 3 Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants- Root----------67-75
Module 4 Vascular Elements of Seed Plants----------------
Unit 1 Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem----------------76-83
Unit 2 Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium ------------83-90
3
, MODULE 1 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF SEED PLANTS
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPERMATOPHYTE
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Classification of Spermatophyte
3.2 Gymnosperms
3.3 Angiosperms
3.4 Relevance of Seed Plants to Humans
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References/Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The spermatophytes, which mean "seed plants", are some of the most important
organisms on Earth. Life on land as we know it, is shaped largely by the activities of seed
plants. Soils, forests, and food are three of the most apparent products of this group.
Seed-producing plants are probably the most familiar plants to most people, unlike
mosses, liverworts, horsetails, and most other seedless plants which are overlooked
because of their size or inconspicuous appearance. Many seed plants are large or showy.
Conifers are seed plants; they include pines, firs, yew, redwood, and many other large
trees. The other major groups of seed-plants are the flowering plants, including plants
whose flowers are showy, but also many plants with reduced flowers, such as the oaks,
Iroko, Mahogany, grasses, and palms.
Having introduced to you what Spermatopytes are, let us now take a look at the
objectives we intend to achieve at the end of this unit.
4
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COURSE CODE: BIO 210
COURSE TITLE: SEED PLANTS
, BIO 210: SEED PLANTS
COURSE DEVELOPMENT
Course Writer/Developer: Adams, Abiodun E.
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos
Programme Leaders: Professor Afolabi Adebanjo
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos
And
Dr AdoBaba Ahmed
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos.
Content Editor: Professor Afolabi Adebanjo
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos
Course Coordinator: Adams Abiodun E.
School of Science and Technology
National Open University of Nigeria
Lagos.
2
,CONTENTS
Module 1 Origin and Evolution of Seed Plants
Unit 1 Introduction to Spermatophyte---------------------3-12
Unit 2 Origin and Evolution of Seed Plant-----------------13-20
Module 2 Life Cycles of Seed Plants
Unit 3 Reproduction in Gymnosperms------------------------21-27
Unit 4 Reproduction in Angiosperms-------------------------28-47
Module 3 Morphology and Anatomy of Seed Plants-------
Unit 1 Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants- Stem---------48-56
Unit 2 Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants- Leaf----------57-66
Unit 3 Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants- Root----------67-75
Module 4 Vascular Elements of Seed Plants----------------
Unit 1 Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem----------------76-83
Unit 2 Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium ------------83-90
3
, MODULE 1 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF SEED PLANTS
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPERMATOPHYTE
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Classification of Spermatophyte
3.2 Gymnosperms
3.3 Angiosperms
3.4 Relevance of Seed Plants to Humans
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References/Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The spermatophytes, which mean "seed plants", are some of the most important
organisms on Earth. Life on land as we know it, is shaped largely by the activities of seed
plants. Soils, forests, and food are three of the most apparent products of this group.
Seed-producing plants are probably the most familiar plants to most people, unlike
mosses, liverworts, horsetails, and most other seedless plants which are overlooked
because of their size or inconspicuous appearance. Many seed plants are large or showy.
Conifers are seed plants; they include pines, firs, yew, redwood, and many other large
trees. The other major groups of seed-plants are the flowering plants, including plants
whose flowers are showy, but also many plants with reduced flowers, such as the oaks,
Iroko, Mahogany, grasses, and palms.
Having introduced to you what Spermatopytes are, let us now take a look at the
objectives we intend to achieve at the end of this unit.
4
