BIO 101 STUDY GUIDE LATEST REVIEW TO SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS

• Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of every organism. • Types of Cells o Prokaryotic [Archaea & Bacteria] o Eukaryotic [Animals, Plants, Fungi] • All cells have o Plasma Membrane o Cytoplasm o Chromosomes [contain genes] – Made of Chromatin o Ribosomes [make proteins] – Made of RRNA & Protein • Prokaryotic Cells [Smaller] o No nucleus o DNA in nucleoid o No membrane bound organelles • Eukaryotic Cells [Larger] o DNA in a nucleus bounded by a double membrane o Bounded Organelles o Cytoplasm [Fluid between the plasma membrane and nucleus] • Plasma membrane: a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell. • The Surface area to Volume ratio of a cell is critical. • The Nucleus contains most of the DNA • Ribosomes uses information from the DNA to make Proteins o Combination of Ribosomal RNA and protein • Nuclear envelope: A double membrane of lipid bilayer that encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm • Pore Complex: Regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus • Nuclear lamina: maintains the shape of the nucleus [it’s made of Protein] • Chromosomes: DNA organized into discrete units. • Chromatin: This is one DNA molecule associated with proteins o Euchromatin is loosed chromatin o Heterochromatin is compact or compressed chromatin • Nucleolus: The site of Ribosomal RNA synthesis located inside the nucleus • Ribosomes carry out Protein Synthesis o In the Cytoplasm [free Ribosomes] o Outside the endoplasmic reticulum [Bound Ribosomes] • Endomembrane System o Nuclear envelope o Endoplasmic Reticulum o Golgi apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles o Plasma Membrane o # Components are either Continuous or connected via vesicles • Regions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum o Smooth ER [ Lacks ribosomes]  Makes lipids  Breaks down Carbohydrates  Detoxifies drugs and Poison  Stores Calcium o Rough ER [Studded with ribosomes]  Distributes transport vesicles  Is a membrane factory for the cell • Golgi apparatus: Made of flattened sacs called Cisternae o Modifies product of the ER o Makes certain macromolecules o Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles • Lysosomes: membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules o Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by the rough ER • Phagocytosis: Cells engulfing another cell • Autophagy: Lysosomes using enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules • Vacuoles: large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus which differ in function by cell • Types of Vacuoles o Food Vacuoles: Formed by phagocytosis o Contractile vacuoles: Pumps excess water out of a cell [in freshwater protist] o Central Vacuoles: Holds organic compounds and water [in mature plant cells] • Mitochondria & Chloroplast change energy from one form to another • Mitochondria: are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP o Parts of the mitochondria  Smooth outer membrane  Inner membrane folded into Cristae • The mitochondrial matrix • Intermembrane space • Cristae: this presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesis ATP • Chloroplasts: these are sites of photosynthesis found in plants. • Chloroplast structure includes o Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum o Stroma, the internal fluid • The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles, called plastids • Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic components bounded by a single membrane o They produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water