APHY 102 Midterm-ivytech Exam Questions
and Answers
What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions
A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is paracrine?
A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same tissue.
What is autocrine?
Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland
glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland?
Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the
digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body?
Pituitary Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and
enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to
DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action
Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones,
which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on
membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's
membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body
and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary remains
, connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and
through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion
Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their target
organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body?
Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain hormones
from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control growth and
development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate production of
sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly
divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex hormones in both genders and allows
release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin (OT)-
smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the
movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity in males.
Thyroid hormones:
calcitonin- controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration, thryoxine (T4)- more prevalent in
circulation, triiodothyronine (T3)- more potent than T4.
Parathyroid hormones:
parathyroid hormone (PTH)- increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood
phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Adrenal medulla hormones:
epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE)- increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion.
Adrenal cortex hormones:
aldosterone- helps regulate the concentration of sodium and potassium ions, cortisol- affects glucose
metabolism and influences protein and fat metabolism.
Pancreas hormones:
glucagon- stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, insulin- stimulates the liver to
form glycogen from glucose, somatostatin- helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion
of glucagon and insulin.
Pineal gland hormones:
melatonin- made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms.
Thymus gland hormones:
thymosins- affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes.
Heart hormones:
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Kidney hormones:
erythropietin- stimulates RBC production.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and
it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates
into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes,
and Answers
What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions
A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is paracrine?
A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same tissue.
What is autocrine?
Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland
glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland?
Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the
digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body?
Pituitary Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and
enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to
DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action
Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones,
which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on
membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's
membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body
and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary remains
, connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and
through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion
Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their target
organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body?
Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain hormones
from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control growth and
development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate production of
sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly
divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex hormones in both genders and allows
release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin (OT)-
smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the
movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity in males.
Thyroid hormones:
calcitonin- controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration, thryoxine (T4)- more prevalent in
circulation, triiodothyronine (T3)- more potent than T4.
Parathyroid hormones:
parathyroid hormone (PTH)- increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood
phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Adrenal medulla hormones:
epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE)- increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion.
Adrenal cortex hormones:
aldosterone- helps regulate the concentration of sodium and potassium ions, cortisol- affects glucose
metabolism and influences protein and fat metabolism.
Pancreas hormones:
glucagon- stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, insulin- stimulates the liver to
form glycogen from glucose, somatostatin- helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion
of glucagon and insulin.
Pineal gland hormones:
melatonin- made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms.
Thymus gland hormones:
thymosins- affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes.
Heart hormones:
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Kidney hormones:
erythropietin- stimulates RBC production.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and
it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates
into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes,
