APHY 102 Final Exam Questions and Answers
2024
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of
body parts
What are the levels of organization?
subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism
What are the requirements of life?
Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
What are the characteristics of life?
Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth
(increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration
(use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of
substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids);
Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic
wastes)
Define homeostasis
Body's maintenance of a stable environment
What is a homeostatic mechanism?
the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are
regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure
Define matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements.
Define element
fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms
Define atoms
smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
What is the structure of an atom?
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
Atomic nucleus
the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Proton
,subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Neutron
subatomic particle that has no charge
Electron
subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Atomic number
number or protons in nucleus
Atomic mass
number of protons plus number of neutrons
What are covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled
outer shells
What are ionic bonds?
2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
atom
What are hydrogen bonds?
Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar
molecule; formed between water molecules
Define ion
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
Define synthesis reaction
Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together
Define decomposition reaction
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Define exchange reaction
Parts of molecules trade places
Define reactant
The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules
Define product
Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
, Define catalyst
influence the rates of chemical reactions
What is an acid?
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
What is a base?
Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water
What is a salt?
Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes
What is a pH scale?
represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution
Neutral solution
pH 7;
indicates equal concentrations of H+
and OH-
Acidic solution
pH less than
7; indicates a greater concentration of H+
Basic solution
pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule?
organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis
breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and
polymers are chains of monomers.
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
What are lipids?
Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats,
phospholipids, and steroids.
What are proteins?
2024
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of
body parts
What are the levels of organization?
subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism
What are the requirements of life?
Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
What are the characteristics of life?
Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth
(increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration
(use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of
substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids);
Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic
wastes)
Define homeostasis
Body's maintenance of a stable environment
What is a homeostatic mechanism?
the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are
regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure
Define matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements.
Define element
fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms
Define atoms
smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
What is the structure of an atom?
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
Atomic nucleus
the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Proton
,subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Neutron
subatomic particle that has no charge
Electron
subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Atomic number
number or protons in nucleus
Atomic mass
number of protons plus number of neutrons
What are covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled
outer shells
What are ionic bonds?
2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
atom
What are hydrogen bonds?
Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar
molecule; formed between water molecules
Define ion
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
Define synthesis reaction
Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together
Define decomposition reaction
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Define exchange reaction
Parts of molecules trade places
Define reactant
The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules
Define product
Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
, Define catalyst
influence the rates of chemical reactions
What is an acid?
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
What is a base?
Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water
What is a salt?
Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes
What is a pH scale?
represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution
Neutral solution
pH 7;
indicates equal concentrations of H+
and OH-
Acidic solution
pH less than
7; indicates a greater concentration of H+
Basic solution
pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule?
organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis
breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and
polymers are chains of monomers.
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
What are lipids?
Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats,
phospholipids, and steroids.
What are proteins?
