APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
The pituitary gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus. Secretion from the 2 lobes of the
pituitary gland is controlled by different methods by the hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
o Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the cells with glucose for
energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon.
o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes blood sugar to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones?
o Hormones are both produced and act inside the body of an organism whereas,
o pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body. Hormone changes the interior
of the body and finally causes to have behavioral alterations, whereas pheromones are capable of
directly changing the social behaviors of others. Hormones are present in both animals and plants, but
pheromones are present in animals only
How is inhibin used in the body?
One of two hormones (designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli cells in
the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and that inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target
cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
How is diabetes insipidus different than diabetes mellitus?
o Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood while
o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water
Describe steroid hormones.
All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. These include sex hormones, such as testosterone
and the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal cortex, including aldosterone and cortisol
Describe tropic hormones
a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete it's hormones.
,Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually 4,600,000-
6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
§ If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood
cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do these
create different blood types?
o Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies are associated with some blood types; in general, a person produces antibodies against
antigens that are not present on his/her RBC membranes. The antigens expressed on the red blood
cell determine an individual's blood group.
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
o Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight infections, elevated in
bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight allergic reactions and against
parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and heparin, <1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei, become macrophages, 3-9% of
WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of
cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
o Form mostly in red bone marrow, and are called "formed elements":
§ Red blood cells (R B C s): Red blood cells (erythrocytes). These carry oxygen from the lungs to the
rest of the body
§ White blood cells (W B C s): (leukocytes). These helps fight infections and aid in the immune
process. Types of white blood cells include: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils,
Neutrophil
§ Platelets (thrombocytes): Cell Fragments; These help in blood clotting
Describe the steps in clot formation.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
, What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types?
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets?
In a centrifuged blood sample:
• 55% is plasma.
• 45% is RBCs.
• WBCs and platelets are <1%.
Compare serum versus plasma.
o Serum: water fluid from blood without the clotting factors. And, this is the liquid that remains after
the blood has clotted
o Plasma: blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. And, this is the liquid that remains when
clotting is prevented
What is hematocrit?
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure?
o Sympathetic branches of the ANS innervate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls (and can
constrict or dilate). Changes in the diameters of arteries and arterioles greatly influence blood flow
and blood pressure.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
o The four major functions of the cardiovascular system are:
1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss
3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
4. To help maintain fluid balance within the body
What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure?
o Heart rate: Cholesterol, Resting heart rate, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Blood pressure, Blood glucose
level, Waist circumference, Heart rhythm, Family history.
o Blood Pressure: Cardiac output, Peripheral vascular resistance, Volume of circulating blood,
Viscosity of blood, Elasticity of vessels walls
Identify the major arteries/veins of the body.
(Veins return blood back the heart)
(Arteries deliver blood to the body (away from heart)
Major arteries:
Ascending aorta->right and left coronary a.
Brachiocephalic a., Left common carotid a., and the Left subclavian a.
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta->Bronchial artery, Pericardial a., Esophageal a., Mediastinal a., Posterior intercostal a.
Abdominal aorta-> Celiac a., Phrenic a., Superior mesenteric a., Suprarenal a., Renal a., Gonadal a.,
Inferior mesenteric a., Lumbar a., Middle sacral a., Common iliac a.
Major veins:
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What regulates pituitary gland secretion?
The pituitary gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus. Secretion from the 2 lobes of the
pituitary gland is controlled by different methods by the hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.
o Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the cells with glucose for
energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon.
o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes blood sugar to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen into
glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones?
o Hormones are both produced and act inside the body of an organism whereas,
o pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body. Hormone changes the interior
of the body and finally causes to have behavioral alterations, whereas pheromones are capable of
directly changing the social behaviors of others. Hormones are present in both animals and plants, but
pheromones are present in animals only
How is inhibin used in the body?
One of two hormones (designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli cells in
the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and that inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on target
cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
How is diabetes insipidus different than diabetes mellitus?
o Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood while
o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water
Describe steroid hormones.
All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. These include sex hormones, such as testosterone
and the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal cortex, including aldosterone and cortisol
Describe tropic hormones
a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete it's hormones.
,Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually 4,600,000-
6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
§ If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive blood
cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do these
create different blood types?
o Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies are associated with some blood types; in general, a person produces antibodies against
antigens that are not present on his/her RBC membranes. The antigens expressed on the red blood
cell determine an individual's blood group.
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
o Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight infections, elevated in
bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight allergic reactions and against
parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and heparin, <1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei, become macrophages, 3-9% of
WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of
cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
o Form mostly in red bone marrow, and are called "formed elements":
§ Red blood cells (R B C s): Red blood cells (erythrocytes). These carry oxygen from the lungs to the
rest of the body
§ White blood cells (W B C s): (leukocytes). These helps fight infections and aid in the immune
process. Types of white blood cells include: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils,
Neutrophil
§ Platelets (thrombocytes): Cell Fragments; These help in blood clotting
Describe the steps in clot formation.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
, What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types?
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets?
In a centrifuged blood sample:
• 55% is plasma.
• 45% is RBCs.
• WBCs and platelets are <1%.
Compare serum versus plasma.
o Serum: water fluid from blood without the clotting factors. And, this is the liquid that remains after
the blood has clotted
o Plasma: blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. And, this is the liquid that remains when
clotting is prevented
What is hematocrit?
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure?
o Sympathetic branches of the ANS innervate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls (and can
constrict or dilate). Changes in the diameters of arteries and arterioles greatly influence blood flow
and blood pressure.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
o The four major functions of the cardiovascular system are:
1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss
3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
4. To help maintain fluid balance within the body
What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure?
o Heart rate: Cholesterol, Resting heart rate, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Blood pressure, Blood glucose
level, Waist circumference, Heart rhythm, Family history.
o Blood Pressure: Cardiac output, Peripheral vascular resistance, Volume of circulating blood,
Viscosity of blood, Elasticity of vessels walls
Identify the major arteries/veins of the body.
(Veins return blood back the heart)
(Arteries deliver blood to the body (away from heart)
Major arteries:
Ascending aorta->right and left coronary a.
Brachiocephalic a., Left common carotid a., and the Left subclavian a.
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta->Bronchial artery, Pericardial a., Esophageal a., Mediastinal a., Posterior intercostal a.
Abdominal aorta-> Celiac a., Phrenic a., Superior mesenteric a., Suprarenal a., Renal a., Gonadal a.,
Inferior mesenteric a., Lumbar a., Middle sacral a., Common iliac a.
Major veins:
