PATHO 370 Final Certification Exam Q&A

PATHO 370 Final Certification Exam Q&A Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - CORRECT ANSWER-flank pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria What is the common composition of renal calculi? - CORRECT ANSWER-calcium crystals polycystic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER-condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-hematuria What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - CORRECT ANSWER-uric acid Acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-infection of the renal pelvis usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or fibrosis What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - CORRECT ANSWER-E. coli Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-infection of the renal pelvis that has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-CVA tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-abdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWER-prodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - CORRECT ANSWER-normal or declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise, clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - CORRECT ANSWER-oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required) clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - CORRECT ANSWER-postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT ANSWER-elevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down anemia in end-stage renal disease - CORRECT ANSWER-kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will decrease the RBC count What are some common causes of CKD? - CORRECT ANSWER-diabetes and hypertension What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWER-ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal disease - CORRECT ANSWER-anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER-hematuria What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER-recurrent cystitis Who is more prone to UTIs? - CORRECT ANSWER-sexually active women ureterocele - CORRECT ANSWER-cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter stress urinary incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the pelvic muscles what are some common causes of stress urinary incontinence? - CORRECT ANSWERobesity, childbirth related trauma, pelvic surgery, diabetes Urgency Urinary Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-involuntary sudden leakage of urine along with immediately feeling the need to urinate again; caused by a weakening of the detrusor muscle Cystitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the bladder linin