Core Concepts Exam 3
Inadequate oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
Inadequate tissue oxygenation
hypoxia
___ are invasive & the most accurate direct measure of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and the
acid-base balances in the blood
arterial blood gasses
Normal pH level
7.35-7.45
PaO2 level
75-100
PaCO2 level
35-45
HCO3 level
24-28
Noninvasive measure of oxygen saturation of the blood
pulse oxometry
The complete act of oxygenating the body; breathing in oxygen, gas exchange, perfusion, expelling
carbon dioxide, picking up oxygen
oxygenation
Active movement of intercostal muscles between ribs pull ribcage out, creating negative pressure
inside lungs that suck air into the lungs
inspiration
Passive relaxation of the intercostals; movement of air out of the lungs
expiration
Ribs must be able to move outward and lung tissue (especially alveoli) must be able to stretch with
the air coming in
compliance
Ribs must be able to come back to resting position and lung tissue must be able to regain previous
shape
recoil
,How are healthy people stimulated to breathe?
hypercarbic drive
Chemical receptors in the medulla ablongata are highly sensitive to high levels of carbon dioxide and
stimulate the respiratory center to adjust breathing accordingly
hypercarbic drive
Hypercarbic is also known as ___
hypercapnic
How do people with chronic lung diseases breathe?
hypoxic drive
The body no longer reacts to high carbon dioxide levels due to chronic retention, so the body switches
to the "back up" system (low oxygen levels)
hypoxic drive
In the ___ drive, high levels of oxygen will actually decrease the stimulus to breathe
hypoxic
___ are the #1 reason for pneumonia and infection
retained secretions
Increasing ___ decreases the viscosity of secretions and makes them easier to cough out
fluids
___ automatically makes the body work harder, increasing respiratory effort, circulation, intestinal
motility
ambulation
___ mobilizes secretions and secretions on the move are easier to cough out
turning
___ fills the alveoli, decreasing the chances of atelectasis and triggers the cough reflex, getting rid of
secretions
deep breathing
___ gets the secretions out
coughing
Use the ___ to help with deep breathing and coughing
incentive spirometer
, Teach ___ as needed
pursed lip breathing
5 early signs of low oxygenation
- unexplained restlessness, anxiety, agitation, slight lethargy, confusion
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- increased BP
- pale skin & mucous membranes
6 late signs of low oxygenation
- confusion, stupor
- cyanosis
- bradypnea
- bradycardia
- decreased BP
- cardiac dysrhythmias
Mechanisms that facilitate or impair the body's ability to supply oxygen to cells
oxygenation
Act of inhaling, exhaling air to transport oxygen to alveoli so that oxygen may be exchanged for
carbon dioxide and expelled from the body
respiration
Actual exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide
ventilation
Nose to pharynx
upper respiratory system
Epiglottis to alveoli
lower respiratory tract
Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange occurs at the ___
alveoli
Collapsed alveoli
atelectasis
___ obtains oxygen from the air, transports it into alveoli where oxygen diffuses into capillaries and is
carried by blood to all cells in the body
respiratory system
Breathing within the expected respiratory rates
Inadequate oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
Inadequate tissue oxygenation
hypoxia
___ are invasive & the most accurate direct measure of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and the
acid-base balances in the blood
arterial blood gasses
Normal pH level
7.35-7.45
PaO2 level
75-100
PaCO2 level
35-45
HCO3 level
24-28
Noninvasive measure of oxygen saturation of the blood
pulse oxometry
The complete act of oxygenating the body; breathing in oxygen, gas exchange, perfusion, expelling
carbon dioxide, picking up oxygen
oxygenation
Active movement of intercostal muscles between ribs pull ribcage out, creating negative pressure
inside lungs that suck air into the lungs
inspiration
Passive relaxation of the intercostals; movement of air out of the lungs
expiration
Ribs must be able to move outward and lung tissue (especially alveoli) must be able to stretch with
the air coming in
compliance
Ribs must be able to come back to resting position and lung tissue must be able to regain previous
shape
recoil
,How are healthy people stimulated to breathe?
hypercarbic drive
Chemical receptors in the medulla ablongata are highly sensitive to high levels of carbon dioxide and
stimulate the respiratory center to adjust breathing accordingly
hypercarbic drive
Hypercarbic is also known as ___
hypercapnic
How do people with chronic lung diseases breathe?
hypoxic drive
The body no longer reacts to high carbon dioxide levels due to chronic retention, so the body switches
to the "back up" system (low oxygen levels)
hypoxic drive
In the ___ drive, high levels of oxygen will actually decrease the stimulus to breathe
hypoxic
___ are the #1 reason for pneumonia and infection
retained secretions
Increasing ___ decreases the viscosity of secretions and makes them easier to cough out
fluids
___ automatically makes the body work harder, increasing respiratory effort, circulation, intestinal
motility
ambulation
___ mobilizes secretions and secretions on the move are easier to cough out
turning
___ fills the alveoli, decreasing the chances of atelectasis and triggers the cough reflex, getting rid of
secretions
deep breathing
___ gets the secretions out
coughing
Use the ___ to help with deep breathing and coughing
incentive spirometer
, Teach ___ as needed
pursed lip breathing
5 early signs of low oxygenation
- unexplained restlessness, anxiety, agitation, slight lethargy, confusion
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- increased BP
- pale skin & mucous membranes
6 late signs of low oxygenation
- confusion, stupor
- cyanosis
- bradypnea
- bradycardia
- decreased BP
- cardiac dysrhythmias
Mechanisms that facilitate or impair the body's ability to supply oxygen to cells
oxygenation
Act of inhaling, exhaling air to transport oxygen to alveoli so that oxygen may be exchanged for
carbon dioxide and expelled from the body
respiration
Actual exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide
ventilation
Nose to pharynx
upper respiratory system
Epiglottis to alveoli
lower respiratory tract
Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange occurs at the ___
alveoli
Collapsed alveoli
atelectasis
___ obtains oxygen from the air, transports it into alveoli where oxygen diffuses into capillaries and is
carried by blood to all cells in the body
respiratory system
Breathing within the expected respiratory rates
