Assessment Exam 3 With Correct
Questions And Answers 2024
Two categories of personality assessments: - Correct Answer-Structured and
unstructured
Structured personality assessments - Correct Answer-- also called objective
assessments
- standardized, self-report, often forced-choice
Unstructured personality assessments - Correct Answer-- also called projective
assessments
- responses to these tasks are expected to reflect needs, experiences, inner states, and
thought processes
projective hypothesis - Correct Answer-- responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect a
person's basic personality
- the reasoning behind projective tests
Structured assessments are typically used to...... whereas unstructured assessments
are typically used to..... - Correct Answer-- structured assessments are typically used to
test hypotheses and examine psychopathology and behavioral problems
- unstructured assessments are typically used to generate hypotheses and examine
intrapsychic dynamics
4 methods used to construct objective personality inventories - Correct Answer-(1)
logical content method
(2) theoretical method
(3) criterion group method
(4) factor-analytic method
Which two of the methods used to construct objective personality inventories are
empirical? - Correct Answer-Criterion group method and factor-analytic method
Logical content method: - Correct Answer-- used to construct structured personality
inventories
,- test developer identifies statements that seem to be related to the content of the
characteristic being assessed
- ex: content scales of the MMPI2
- limitation: assumption that individuals are capable of evaluating their own
characteristics and that their answers can be taken at face value
theoretical method: - Correct Answer-- used to construct structured personality
inventories
- After the items have been grouped into scales, a construct validity approach is taken
to determine whether the inventory results are consistent with the theory
- ex: Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF), based on Murray's theory of needs
- ex: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), based on Jung's theory of personality types
Criterion group method: - Correct Answer-- empirical method used to construct
structured personality inventories
- step 1: form a sample with known characteristics (like schizophrenia)
- step 2: administer an item pool to sample and to control group
- step 3: find items that distinguish the two groups and place them on a scale
- step 4: cross-validate the scale with another sample of the target population
- This method can also be used with groups that present contrasts on a particular trait
(ex- what distinguishes people classified as the most social and the least social)
- ex: MMPI2 clinical scales, most scales on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
Factor-analytic method - Correct Answer-- empirical method used to construct
structured personality inventories
- a computer-based statistical procedure examines the intercorrelations between all of
the items on the inventory and groups the items into factors
- ex: Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
- factor-analytic techniques used to construct the Big Five personality traits
the Big Five personality traits - Correct Answer-- Premise: Personality can be efficiently
described with five relatively independent trait dimensions
- developed using factor-analytic techniques
,(a) Neuroticism—insecure versus self-confident
(b) Extraversion—outgoing versus shy
(c) Openness—imaginative versus concrete
(d) Agreeableness—empathic versus hostile
(e) Conscientiousness—well organized versus impulsive
- NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) was developed specifically to assess
the Big Five factors
- 4 dimensions of the MTBI related to all but neuroticism
- MMPI2 has several items measuring neuroticism but less focus on the other 4
- general agreement: these 5 factors exist
- disagreement: the real number of personality dimensions
- disagreement: some of the labels, characteristics, and behaviors associated with the
dimensions
Potential shortcoming to self-report personality measures - Correct Answer-they can
typically be distorted in a negative direction if individuals are motivated to present a poor
image or in a positive direction for social desirability
several inventories contain validity or social desirability scales to detect such distortion
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories - Correct Answer-- Empirically created
- First developed is the MMPI2, then the Restructured Form, then an Adolescent Form
and then the Adolescent Restructured Form
- purpose is evaluating mental disorders and informing treatment plans
- contains both clinical scales and validity scales (to test for the test-taker's attitude
toward the testing process)
- "the Minnesota normals" are the reference groups compared to the clinical populations
-- a normative sample selected to represent age, race, gender, etc. distribution of the
US population
- The scales are listed on a different notecard, and they should be viewed together, not
in isolation
--most scales are also divided into subscales for better clarification
- Aren't accurate for diagnosis, merely provide a summary of behavioral characteristics
, - T score of 65 separates normal from clinical samples, and it is standardized to make
up the 92nd percentile for each scale
- some critical items like 2 for suicidality (there's a Koss-Butcher critical item set)
- there are also restructured clinical (RC) scales; purified content, can be viewed on
their own or used to interpret standard clinical scales
- Many other additional scales have been created for various purposes
Scales on the MMPI2 - Correct Answer-*I'm not including all the interpretations on this
notecard, but look over it in the book*
- hypochondriasis: symptoms of preoccupation with the body and fear of illness or
disease
- depression: symptoms of hopelessness or general dissatisfaction, psychomotor
retardation, and lack of interest in activities
- hysteria: dysfunctional reactions to stressful situations, with items assessing denial of
physical health and specific complaints of a psychological or emotional nature
- psychopathic deviate: psychopathic symptoms such as lying, stealing, sexual
promiscuity, and excessive drinking—a "measure of rebelliousness"
- masculinity--femininity: symptoms that measure "sexual inversion" or lack of the
presence of traditional gender norms for each respective sex
- paranoia: paranoid symptoms such as feelings of persecution, grandiosity, excessive
sensitivity, and rigidity of opinions
- psychasthenia: symptoms closely associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder
- schizophrenia: disturbances of thinking, mood, and behavior most often associated
with schizophrenia
- hypomania: symptoms that include elevated mood, irritability, flight of ideas,
accelerated speech, and some depression
- social introversion: withdrawal from social situations
MMPI-2 Restructured Form - Correct Answer-- only 338 items (as compared to 567
items).
- 35 to 50 minutes to administer
Questions And Answers 2024
Two categories of personality assessments: - Correct Answer-Structured and
unstructured
Structured personality assessments - Correct Answer-- also called objective
assessments
- standardized, self-report, often forced-choice
Unstructured personality assessments - Correct Answer-- also called projective
assessments
- responses to these tasks are expected to reflect needs, experiences, inner states, and
thought processes
projective hypothesis - Correct Answer-- responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect a
person's basic personality
- the reasoning behind projective tests
Structured assessments are typically used to...... whereas unstructured assessments
are typically used to..... - Correct Answer-- structured assessments are typically used to
test hypotheses and examine psychopathology and behavioral problems
- unstructured assessments are typically used to generate hypotheses and examine
intrapsychic dynamics
4 methods used to construct objective personality inventories - Correct Answer-(1)
logical content method
(2) theoretical method
(3) criterion group method
(4) factor-analytic method
Which two of the methods used to construct objective personality inventories are
empirical? - Correct Answer-Criterion group method and factor-analytic method
Logical content method: - Correct Answer-- used to construct structured personality
inventories
,- test developer identifies statements that seem to be related to the content of the
characteristic being assessed
- ex: content scales of the MMPI2
- limitation: assumption that individuals are capable of evaluating their own
characteristics and that their answers can be taken at face value
theoretical method: - Correct Answer-- used to construct structured personality
inventories
- After the items have been grouped into scales, a construct validity approach is taken
to determine whether the inventory results are consistent with the theory
- ex: Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF), based on Murray's theory of needs
- ex: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), based on Jung's theory of personality types
Criterion group method: - Correct Answer-- empirical method used to construct
structured personality inventories
- step 1: form a sample with known characteristics (like schizophrenia)
- step 2: administer an item pool to sample and to control group
- step 3: find items that distinguish the two groups and place them on a scale
- step 4: cross-validate the scale with another sample of the target population
- This method can also be used with groups that present contrasts on a particular trait
(ex- what distinguishes people classified as the most social and the least social)
- ex: MMPI2 clinical scales, most scales on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
Factor-analytic method - Correct Answer-- empirical method used to construct
structured personality inventories
- a computer-based statistical procedure examines the intercorrelations between all of
the items on the inventory and groups the items into factors
- ex: Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
- factor-analytic techniques used to construct the Big Five personality traits
the Big Five personality traits - Correct Answer-- Premise: Personality can be efficiently
described with five relatively independent trait dimensions
- developed using factor-analytic techniques
,(a) Neuroticism—insecure versus self-confident
(b) Extraversion—outgoing versus shy
(c) Openness—imaginative versus concrete
(d) Agreeableness—empathic versus hostile
(e) Conscientiousness—well organized versus impulsive
- NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) was developed specifically to assess
the Big Five factors
- 4 dimensions of the MTBI related to all but neuroticism
- MMPI2 has several items measuring neuroticism but less focus on the other 4
- general agreement: these 5 factors exist
- disagreement: the real number of personality dimensions
- disagreement: some of the labels, characteristics, and behaviors associated with the
dimensions
Potential shortcoming to self-report personality measures - Correct Answer-they can
typically be distorted in a negative direction if individuals are motivated to present a poor
image or in a positive direction for social desirability
several inventories contain validity or social desirability scales to detect such distortion
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories - Correct Answer-- Empirically created
- First developed is the MMPI2, then the Restructured Form, then an Adolescent Form
and then the Adolescent Restructured Form
- purpose is evaluating mental disorders and informing treatment plans
- contains both clinical scales and validity scales (to test for the test-taker's attitude
toward the testing process)
- "the Minnesota normals" are the reference groups compared to the clinical populations
-- a normative sample selected to represent age, race, gender, etc. distribution of the
US population
- The scales are listed on a different notecard, and they should be viewed together, not
in isolation
--most scales are also divided into subscales for better clarification
- Aren't accurate for diagnosis, merely provide a summary of behavioral characteristics
, - T score of 65 separates normal from clinical samples, and it is standardized to make
up the 92nd percentile for each scale
- some critical items like 2 for suicidality (there's a Koss-Butcher critical item set)
- there are also restructured clinical (RC) scales; purified content, can be viewed on
their own or used to interpret standard clinical scales
- Many other additional scales have been created for various purposes
Scales on the MMPI2 - Correct Answer-*I'm not including all the interpretations on this
notecard, but look over it in the book*
- hypochondriasis: symptoms of preoccupation with the body and fear of illness or
disease
- depression: symptoms of hopelessness or general dissatisfaction, psychomotor
retardation, and lack of interest in activities
- hysteria: dysfunctional reactions to stressful situations, with items assessing denial of
physical health and specific complaints of a psychological or emotional nature
- psychopathic deviate: psychopathic symptoms such as lying, stealing, sexual
promiscuity, and excessive drinking—a "measure of rebelliousness"
- masculinity--femininity: symptoms that measure "sexual inversion" or lack of the
presence of traditional gender norms for each respective sex
- paranoia: paranoid symptoms such as feelings of persecution, grandiosity, excessive
sensitivity, and rigidity of opinions
- psychasthenia: symptoms closely associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder
- schizophrenia: disturbances of thinking, mood, and behavior most often associated
with schizophrenia
- hypomania: symptoms that include elevated mood, irritability, flight of ideas,
accelerated speech, and some depression
- social introversion: withdrawal from social situations
MMPI-2 Restructured Form - Correct Answer-- only 338 items (as compared to 567
items).
- 35 to 50 minutes to administer
