Simple Stresses
Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting
area or
σ = Force / Area.
It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to
external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and
predict the elastic deformation of a body.
Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.
Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional
area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be
tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being
compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is
parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its
anchor. Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis.
This type of shearing is called torsion and covered in Chapter 3. Another type of simple
stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure between two bodies.
Suspension bridges are good example of structures that carry these stresses. The
weight of the vehicle is carried by the bridge deck and passes the force to the stringers
(vertical cables), which in turn, supported by the main suspension cables. The
suspension cables then transferred the force into bridge towers.
,Normal Stress
Stress
Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. It is measured in psi
(English unit) or in MPa (SI unit). Another unit of stress which is not commonly used is
the dynes (cgs unit). Stress is the ratio of force over area.
stress = force / area
Simple Stresses
There are three types of simple stress namely; normal stress, shearing stress, and
bearing stress.
Normal Stress
The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal. There are two
types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile stress applied
to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tend to shorten the bar.
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN NORMAL STRESS
Problem 104
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100
mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine
the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited
to 120 MN/m2.
,Solution 104
Problem 105
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either
end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed
90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
Figure P-105
Solution 105
, Problem 106
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is
supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that runs
from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the
bar weighs 6000 lb.
Solution 106
Problem 107
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly
attached between steel and bronze sections, as shown
in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area
of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each
section.
Solution 107
Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting
area or
σ = Force / Area.
It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to
external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and
predict the elastic deformation of a body.
Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.
Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional
area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be
tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being
compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is
parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its
anchor. Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis.
This type of shearing is called torsion and covered in Chapter 3. Another type of simple
stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure between two bodies.
Suspension bridges are good example of structures that carry these stresses. The
weight of the vehicle is carried by the bridge deck and passes the force to the stringers
(vertical cables), which in turn, supported by the main suspension cables. The
suspension cables then transferred the force into bridge towers.
,Normal Stress
Stress
Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. It is measured in psi
(English unit) or in MPa (SI unit). Another unit of stress which is not commonly used is
the dynes (cgs unit). Stress is the ratio of force over area.
stress = force / area
Simple Stresses
There are three types of simple stress namely; normal stress, shearing stress, and
bearing stress.
Normal Stress
The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal. There are two
types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile stress applied
to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tend to shorten the bar.
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN NORMAL STRESS
Problem 104
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100
mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine
the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited
to 120 MN/m2.
,Solution 104
Problem 105
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either
end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed
90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
Figure P-105
Solution 105
, Problem 106
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is
supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that runs
from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the
bar weighs 6000 lb.
Solution 106
Problem 107
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly
attached between steel and bronze sections, as shown
in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area
of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each
section.
Solution 107
