AQA 2023 A-level
PSYCHOLOGY 7182
Paper 1, 2, 3
Question
Papers With correct
and verified answers
,restoritive justice - CORRECT ANSWERS -A method of reducing and atoning for
offending behaviour through reconciliation between offender and victim, as well as the
wider community
Aims of restorative Justice - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Rehabilitation of offenders
- Atonement for wrong doing
- Changing the victim's perspective
Rehabilitation of offenders (aims of restorative justice) - CORRECT ANSWERS -The
victim has the opportunity to explain the real impact of the crime and this enables the
offender to understand the effects on the victim
Atonement for wrongdoing (aims of restorative justice) - CORRECT ANSWERS -
Offenders may offer concrete compensation for the crime such as money or community
work. The psychological process of guilt allows offender to show an un derstanding of
their effects
Victim's perspective (aims of restorative justice) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Can reduce
the sense of victimisation because they are no longer powerless and have a voice and
may grow to understand the offender
A theory of restorative justice - CORRECT ANSWERS -Wachtel and McCold (2003)-
relationships rather than punishment
Peace Circles - CORRECT ANSWERS -Groups in communities where victims and
offenders alike can come to enable mutual understanding
Evaluation of restorative justice programmes - CORRECT ANSWERS -- 85%
satisfaction ratings from victims in restorative justice programs (UK Restorative justice
council)
- Sherman and Strang reviewed 20 studies about face to face victim offender meetings
in USA UK and Australia and found all studies showed reduced off ending
- Offenders want to avoid punishment of seeing their victim so this may act as a
deterent
- Cannot work for all offenders, some victims may decline the offer, offender may have
not admitted to crime
- ethical issues of victim facing their offending e.g. victim facing their rapist may not be
appropriate
Anger Management - CORRECT ANSWERS -A form of cognitive behavioural therapy
specific to changing the way a person manages their anger.
,Cognitive Restructring - CORRECT ANSWERS -Anger Management technique used to
allow offender to control cognitive dimensions of anger and gain greater self awareness
(Novaco)
Regulation of arousal - CORRECT ANSWERS -Anger Management technique used to
allow offender to learn to control the physiological state. (Novaco)
Behavioural Strategies - CORRECT ANSWERS -Anger Management technique used to
allow offender to develop problem solving skills such as strategic withdrawal of the
situation and assertiveness (Novaco)
Key Aim of Anger Management - CORRECT ANSWERS -Novaco -
Cognitive Restructring
Regulation of Arousal
Behavioural Strategies
Stress inoculation model - CORRECT ANSWERS -Based on Novaco's Work
Cognitive preparation
Skill acquisition
Application Training
Cognitive preparation (Anger Management) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Offenders learn
about anger generally, how it can be both adaptive and nonadaptive. Offenders analyse
own behaviour patterns and identify situations which provoke them
Skill acquisition (Anger Management) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Offenders are taught
various skills to help manage anger, such as self-regulation and cognitive flexibility,
relaxation and better communication skills
Application Training (Anger Management) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Offenders practice
skills they have learned in controlled environments such as role-play.
Anger Management is a type of - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy
Evaluation of Anger Management - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Novaco reported 75%
success rates in anger management after 6 meta analysis
- issues with methodologies e.g. some anger management programs span a few days
some span years, some are run by psychologists some are run by prison staff
- CBT does not work for people who do not have the readiness to change
, -Anger Management focuses on short term goals rather than long term goals
- Offenders equate their violent behaviour to anger rather than taking personal
responsibility
- It is argued if anger and crime are linked
token economy - CORRECT ANSWERS -a form of behaviour therapy in which clients
are given "tokens" for desired behaviours, which they can later trade for rewards
token economy reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWERS -Tokens are given as rewards
for good behaviour with some getting more than others
Punishment is used to take away tokens for bad behaviour
Shaping is used to given tokens for behaviour that becomes more complex over time
e.g. making bed to then being polite to prison guards
Hobbs and Holt - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Observed token economy in Alabama Boys
Industrial School
- Staff were given extensive training to correctly spot behaviours
- Then 125 delinquent males were observed living in 4 cottages, 1 control and 3 token
conditions
- Boys were told target criteria of token obtaining and once a week they could trade
tokens for rewards
- There was an average increase of 27% in good social behaviour
Evaluation of Token Economies in behaviour modification in offending behaviour -
CORRECT ANSWERS -- Easy to implement
- Can be implemented without lots of training
- Results do not persist and are normally limited to young offender institutions
- Process has little effect on reoffending behaviour as once reward is removed the
stimulus response link is extinguished
- individual differences, work on young delinquents well but not violent criminals
- Ethical issues to taking away tokens once prisoners leave, some prisoners cannot
control behaviours and behaviour is being manipulated
Aims of custodial sentencing - CORRECT ANSWERS -deterrence, incapacitation,
retribution, rehabilitation
Deterrence - CORRECT ANSWERS -Prison is used as an deterrent for crime
PSYCHOLOGY 7182
Paper 1, 2, 3
Question
Papers With correct
and verified answers
,restoritive justice - CORRECT ANSWERS -A method of reducing and atoning for
offending behaviour through reconciliation between offender and victim, as well as the
wider community
Aims of restorative Justice - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Rehabilitation of offenders
- Atonement for wrong doing
- Changing the victim's perspective
Rehabilitation of offenders (aims of restorative justice) - CORRECT ANSWERS -The
victim has the opportunity to explain the real impact of the crime and this enables the
offender to understand the effects on the victim
Atonement for wrongdoing (aims of restorative justice) - CORRECT ANSWERS -
Offenders may offer concrete compensation for the crime such as money or community
work. The psychological process of guilt allows offender to show an un derstanding of
their effects
Victim's perspective (aims of restorative justice) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Can reduce
the sense of victimisation because they are no longer powerless and have a voice and
may grow to understand the offender
A theory of restorative justice - CORRECT ANSWERS -Wachtel and McCold (2003)-
relationships rather than punishment
Peace Circles - CORRECT ANSWERS -Groups in communities where victims and
offenders alike can come to enable mutual understanding
Evaluation of restorative justice programmes - CORRECT ANSWERS -- 85%
satisfaction ratings from victims in restorative justice programs (UK Restorative justice
council)
- Sherman and Strang reviewed 20 studies about face to face victim offender meetings
in USA UK and Australia and found all studies showed reduced off ending
- Offenders want to avoid punishment of seeing their victim so this may act as a
deterent
- Cannot work for all offenders, some victims may decline the offer, offender may have
not admitted to crime
- ethical issues of victim facing their offending e.g. victim facing their rapist may not be
appropriate
Anger Management - CORRECT ANSWERS -A form of cognitive behavioural therapy
specific to changing the way a person manages their anger.
,Cognitive Restructring - CORRECT ANSWERS -Anger Management technique used to
allow offender to control cognitive dimensions of anger and gain greater self awareness
(Novaco)
Regulation of arousal - CORRECT ANSWERS -Anger Management technique used to
allow offender to learn to control the physiological state. (Novaco)
Behavioural Strategies - CORRECT ANSWERS -Anger Management technique used to
allow offender to develop problem solving skills such as strategic withdrawal of the
situation and assertiveness (Novaco)
Key Aim of Anger Management - CORRECT ANSWERS -Novaco -
Cognitive Restructring
Regulation of Arousal
Behavioural Strategies
Stress inoculation model - CORRECT ANSWERS -Based on Novaco's Work
Cognitive preparation
Skill acquisition
Application Training
Cognitive preparation (Anger Management) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Offenders learn
about anger generally, how it can be both adaptive and nonadaptive. Offenders analyse
own behaviour patterns and identify situations which provoke them
Skill acquisition (Anger Management) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Offenders are taught
various skills to help manage anger, such as self-regulation and cognitive flexibility,
relaxation and better communication skills
Application Training (Anger Management) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Offenders practice
skills they have learned in controlled environments such as role-play.
Anger Management is a type of - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy
Evaluation of Anger Management - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Novaco reported 75%
success rates in anger management after 6 meta analysis
- issues with methodologies e.g. some anger management programs span a few days
some span years, some are run by psychologists some are run by prison staff
- CBT does not work for people who do not have the readiness to change
, -Anger Management focuses on short term goals rather than long term goals
- Offenders equate their violent behaviour to anger rather than taking personal
responsibility
- It is argued if anger and crime are linked
token economy - CORRECT ANSWERS -a form of behaviour therapy in which clients
are given "tokens" for desired behaviours, which they can later trade for rewards
token economy reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWERS -Tokens are given as rewards
for good behaviour with some getting more than others
Punishment is used to take away tokens for bad behaviour
Shaping is used to given tokens for behaviour that becomes more complex over time
e.g. making bed to then being polite to prison guards
Hobbs and Holt - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Observed token economy in Alabama Boys
Industrial School
- Staff were given extensive training to correctly spot behaviours
- Then 125 delinquent males were observed living in 4 cottages, 1 control and 3 token
conditions
- Boys were told target criteria of token obtaining and once a week they could trade
tokens for rewards
- There was an average increase of 27% in good social behaviour
Evaluation of Token Economies in behaviour modification in offending behaviour -
CORRECT ANSWERS -- Easy to implement
- Can be implemented without lots of training
- Results do not persist and are normally limited to young offender institutions
- Process has little effect on reoffending behaviour as once reward is removed the
stimulus response link is extinguished
- individual differences, work on young delinquents well but not violent criminals
- Ethical issues to taking away tokens once prisoners leave, some prisoners cannot
control behaviours and behaviour is being manipulated
Aims of custodial sentencing - CORRECT ANSWERS -deterrence, incapacitation,
retribution, rehabilitation
Deterrence - CORRECT ANSWERS -Prison is used as an deterrent for crime
