MICROBIOLOGY WGU OA COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
LATEST GUIDE 2024 GRADED A+
Prokaryotic Cells - (correct answer) Lack nucleus membrane, single-celled, lack
membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells - (correct answer) Contain nucleus membrane, genetic material in
nucleus, multicellular, membrane-bound organelles.
Ribosomes in Cells - (correct answer) Prokaryotic: free 80s, Eukaryotic: attached to
Rough ER 70s.
Endospores - (correct answer) Protect bacterial genome, survive harsh conditions,
form during sporulation.
Chemotaxis - (correct answer) Movement with chemical gradient.
Phototaxis - (correct answer) Movement toward/away from light.
Bacterial Flagella - (correct answer) Promote movement in bacteria.
Fimbriae - (correct answer) Protein structures for cell attachment.
Pili - (correct answer) Similar to fimbriae, aid in attachment.
Vegetative Cells vs. Endospores - (correct answer) Typical cell state vs. dormant
protective state.
Sporulation Process - (correct answer) Cells form endospores in hostile
environments.
Gram-Negative Bacteria - (correct answer) Thin peptidoglycan layer,
lipopolysaccharide in outer membrane.
Capsid in Viruses - (correct answer) Protein coat with genetic material.
Naked vs. Enveloped Virus - (correct answer) No envelope vs. phospholipid
envelope.
Hyphae in Fungi - (correct answer) Filaments forming fungal body.
Mycelium - (correct answer) Network of hyphae in fungi.
Dimorphic Fungus - (correct answer) Changes appearance during life stages.
, Ascomycota - (correct answer) Fungal species with ascospores.
Basidiomycota - (correct answer) Fungi producing basidiospores.
Microsporidia - (correct answer) Lack mitochondria, spores with polar tube.
Zygomycota - (correct answer) Saprophytic fungi with coenocytic hyphae.
Protozoans - (correct answer) Wide habitat range, free-living, parasitic, symbiotic.
Schizogony in Protozoans - (correct answer) Nucleus divides multiple times, forming
merozoites.
Parasitic Helminths - (correct answer) Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes
(flatworms).
Monoecious vs. Dioecious - (correct answer) Both sexes vs. separate sexes for
reproduction.
Nematoda Characteristics - (correct answer) Roundworms with distinct features.
Monoecious - (correct answer) Organisms with both male and female reproductive
organs.
Dioecious - (correct answer) Organisms requiring two different individuals for
reproduction.
Nematoda - (correct answer) Roundworms with 15,000 species, unsegmented,
found in feces.
Flukes - (correct answer) Non-segmented Platyhelminthes with oral sucker for
attachment.
Tapeworms - (correct answer) Segmented Platyhelminthes living in intestines.
Homolactic fermentation - (correct answer) Produces only lactic acid, important in
food fermentation.
Heterolactic fermentation - (correct answer) Produces ethanol, acetic acid, CO2,
used in souring vegetables.
Acetone-butanol-ethanol - (correct answer) Fermentation pathway for solvents,
gasoline alternative.
Butanediol - (correct answer) Fermentation pathway for Chardonnay wine
production.
LATEST GUIDE 2024 GRADED A+
Prokaryotic Cells - (correct answer) Lack nucleus membrane, single-celled, lack
membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells - (correct answer) Contain nucleus membrane, genetic material in
nucleus, multicellular, membrane-bound organelles.
Ribosomes in Cells - (correct answer) Prokaryotic: free 80s, Eukaryotic: attached to
Rough ER 70s.
Endospores - (correct answer) Protect bacterial genome, survive harsh conditions,
form during sporulation.
Chemotaxis - (correct answer) Movement with chemical gradient.
Phototaxis - (correct answer) Movement toward/away from light.
Bacterial Flagella - (correct answer) Promote movement in bacteria.
Fimbriae - (correct answer) Protein structures for cell attachment.
Pili - (correct answer) Similar to fimbriae, aid in attachment.
Vegetative Cells vs. Endospores - (correct answer) Typical cell state vs. dormant
protective state.
Sporulation Process - (correct answer) Cells form endospores in hostile
environments.
Gram-Negative Bacteria - (correct answer) Thin peptidoglycan layer,
lipopolysaccharide in outer membrane.
Capsid in Viruses - (correct answer) Protein coat with genetic material.
Naked vs. Enveloped Virus - (correct answer) No envelope vs. phospholipid
envelope.
Hyphae in Fungi - (correct answer) Filaments forming fungal body.
Mycelium - (correct answer) Network of hyphae in fungi.
Dimorphic Fungus - (correct answer) Changes appearance during life stages.
, Ascomycota - (correct answer) Fungal species with ascospores.
Basidiomycota - (correct answer) Fungi producing basidiospores.
Microsporidia - (correct answer) Lack mitochondria, spores with polar tube.
Zygomycota - (correct answer) Saprophytic fungi with coenocytic hyphae.
Protozoans - (correct answer) Wide habitat range, free-living, parasitic, symbiotic.
Schizogony in Protozoans - (correct answer) Nucleus divides multiple times, forming
merozoites.
Parasitic Helminths - (correct answer) Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes
(flatworms).
Monoecious vs. Dioecious - (correct answer) Both sexes vs. separate sexes for
reproduction.
Nematoda Characteristics - (correct answer) Roundworms with distinct features.
Monoecious - (correct answer) Organisms with both male and female reproductive
organs.
Dioecious - (correct answer) Organisms requiring two different individuals for
reproduction.
Nematoda - (correct answer) Roundworms with 15,000 species, unsegmented,
found in feces.
Flukes - (correct answer) Non-segmented Platyhelminthes with oral sucker for
attachment.
Tapeworms - (correct answer) Segmented Platyhelminthes living in intestines.
Homolactic fermentation - (correct answer) Produces only lactic acid, important in
food fermentation.
Heterolactic fermentation - (correct answer) Produces ethanol, acetic acid, CO2,
used in souring vegetables.
Acetone-butanol-ethanol - (correct answer) Fermentation pathway for solvents,
gasoline alternative.
Butanediol - (correct answer) Fermentation pathway for Chardonnay wine
production.
