Certification exam for WGU pathophysiology D236 final test

Certification exam for WGU pathophysiology D236 final test Turner syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an *X chromosome* is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Tay-Sachs Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. Down syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 Diabetes Insipidus - CORRECT ANSWER-Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect. The *serum sodium is often elevated* due to excess free water losses. In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly concentrate urine. Cardiac Valve Disease Process - CORRECT ANSWER-In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly. Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve. This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart. Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s). Cardiac Valve Complications - CORRECT ANSWER-Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including: * Heart failure. * Stroke. * Blood clots. * Heart rhythm abnormalities. * Death. Respiratory Illness from bats - CORRECT ANSWER-*Viral hemorrhagic fevers* are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts. Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person. Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Different types of anemia include: Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency Anemia due to iron deficiency Anemia of chronic disease Hemolytic anemia Idiopathic aplastic anemia Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation - CORRECT ANSWER-The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH. Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney Prostate cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Cancer of the prostate gland usually occurs in men middle-aged and older. Artery response during blood loss. Does cell shrink or swell ? - CORRECT ANSWER-*Vasoconstriction* Marfan Syndrome - Autosomal dominant trait - CORRECT ANSWER-This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. At least 25 percent of Marfan syndrome cases result from a new mutation in the FBN1 gene Spina Bifida - CORRECT ANSWER-Not having enough *folic acid* during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida. Bursitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluidfilled pads (bursae) that act as cushions at the joints. Sprains and Strains - CORRECT ANSWER-A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while severely stressing a joint.A strain occurs when tendons (bands at the end of muscles that connect muscles to bones) get stretched or pulled aw