MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
Unit 1 Human Anatomy and Physiology (BP101T)
Table of Content
Topic
Introduction to human body
• Definition and scope of anatomy and Physiology.
• Level of structural organization and body system.
• Basic life process and Homeostasis.
• Basic Anatomical Terminology
Cellular Level of Organization
• Structure and function of cell.
• Transport across cell membrane.
• Cell division and cell junction
• General principles of cell communication, Signaling Pathway
Tissue Level of Organization
• Classification of tissues, Structure and Function of Connective, Epithelial, Muscular and
Nervous Tissue.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
, MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY
Human beings are the most complex living organisms. The human body is made up of many smaller
parts/organs that work in an organized manner to ensure that the body is always working. The study of
human body involves two major principles- Anatomy and Physiology. They provide us the basic
knowledge of structure, size, shape, location and functioning of various organs all of which are very
important to understand human body.
Branches of Science: There are two branches of sciences.
Anatomy
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology provides that deals with the study of structures of different body parts and their
functions
Anatomy: is composed of two words ana (up) and tomy (process of cutting). Anatomy is the science of
body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology: physiology is composed of two words physio (nature) and logy (study of). Physiology is the
science of body functions i.e. How the body parts work.
Homeostasis: (homeo-sameness and stasis-standing still) is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the
body‟s internal environment even if outside conditions are continuously changing. Homeostasis is a
dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift in a narrow range
to maintain life. Homeostasis is maintained mainly by negative and positive feedback systems.
Anatomy: is composed of two words ana (up) and tomy (process of cutting). Anatomy is the science of
body structures and the relationships among them.
Subdivisions of anatomy:
Developmental biology: It is the study of complete development of an individual from fertilization of an
egg to death.
Cell biology: It is the study of cell structure and functions.
Histology: It is the study of microscopic structure of tissues.
Gross anatomy: It is the study of cell structures without using a microscope.
Systemic anatomy: It is the study of specific systems of body such as nervous or respiratory systems.
Regional anatomy: It is the study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest.
Radiographic anatomy: It is the study of body structures with the help of x-rays.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
, MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
Pathological anatomy: It is the study of structural changes associated with disease.
Embryology: It is the study of first eight weeks of human development.
Physiology: physiology is composed of two words physio (nature) and logy (study of). Physiology is the
science of body functions i.e. how the body parts work.
Subdivisions of physiology:
Respiratory physiology: It is the study of functioning of lungs and air passageways.
Renal physiology: It is the study of functioning of the kidneys.
Immunology: It is the study of defense mechanism of body against disease-causing agents.
Exercise physiology: It is the study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of exercise.
Neurophysiology: It is the study of functioning of the nervous system.
Pathophysiology: It is the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Cardiovascular physiology: It is the study of functioning of heart and blood vessels.
Endocrinology: It is the study of hormones and how they control body functions.
SCOPE:
Scope of anatomy and physiology includes study of various organs and systems of human body.
1. Integumentary System: Study of Skin and structures associated with it, such as hair, nails, sweat
glands and oil glands.
2. Skeletal System: Study of bones and joints.
3. Muscular System: Study of muscles.
4. Nervous System: Study of brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs like eyes and ears.
5. Endocrine System: Study of hormone-producing glands cells.
6. Cardiovascular System: Study of blood, heart and blood vessels.
7. Digestive System: Study of organs of gastrointestinal tract, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, anus and accessory organs salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
8. Urinary System: Study of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
9. Lymphatic System: Study of Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels including spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes and tonsils.
10. Respiratory System: Study of pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe) and lungs.
11. Reproductive Systems: Study of testes, ovaries and associated organs.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
, MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
The vital processes of human body are controlled and maintained by different levels of structural
organizations. These levels of structural organizations show an increase in structural complexity and
function.There are six fundamental levels of organizations:
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organism level
Levels of structural organizations of human body
Chemical Level:
It is the most basic level of organization. It includes atoms; the smallest unit of matter that participates in
chemical reactions. Two or more atoms join together to form molecules. Certain atoms like, carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca+) and sulfur (S) are crucial for
maintaining life.
Cellular Level:
The cell constitute of most basic structural and functional unit of human body. The different molecules
combine together to form cells. Human body contains muscle cells, nerve cells and epithelial cells. Each
cell varies greatly in structure and function. Each type of cell performs a specific task.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
Unit 1 Human Anatomy and Physiology (BP101T)
Table of Content
Topic
Introduction to human body
• Definition and scope of anatomy and Physiology.
• Level of structural organization and body system.
• Basic life process and Homeostasis.
• Basic Anatomical Terminology
Cellular Level of Organization
• Structure and function of cell.
• Transport across cell membrane.
• Cell division and cell junction
• General principles of cell communication, Signaling Pathway
Tissue Level of Organization
• Classification of tissues, Structure and Function of Connective, Epithelial, Muscular and
Nervous Tissue.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
, MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY
Human beings are the most complex living organisms. The human body is made up of many smaller
parts/organs that work in an organized manner to ensure that the body is always working. The study of
human body involves two major principles- Anatomy and Physiology. They provide us the basic
knowledge of structure, size, shape, location and functioning of various organs all of which are very
important to understand human body.
Branches of Science: There are two branches of sciences.
Anatomy
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology provides that deals with the study of structures of different body parts and their
functions
Anatomy: is composed of two words ana (up) and tomy (process of cutting). Anatomy is the science of
body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology: physiology is composed of two words physio (nature) and logy (study of). Physiology is the
science of body functions i.e. How the body parts work.
Homeostasis: (homeo-sameness and stasis-standing still) is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the
body‟s internal environment even if outside conditions are continuously changing. Homeostasis is a
dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift in a narrow range
to maintain life. Homeostasis is maintained mainly by negative and positive feedback systems.
Anatomy: is composed of two words ana (up) and tomy (process of cutting). Anatomy is the science of
body structures and the relationships among them.
Subdivisions of anatomy:
Developmental biology: It is the study of complete development of an individual from fertilization of an
egg to death.
Cell biology: It is the study of cell structure and functions.
Histology: It is the study of microscopic structure of tissues.
Gross anatomy: It is the study of cell structures without using a microscope.
Systemic anatomy: It is the study of specific systems of body such as nervous or respiratory systems.
Regional anatomy: It is the study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest.
Radiographic anatomy: It is the study of body structures with the help of x-rays.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
, MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
Pathological anatomy: It is the study of structural changes associated with disease.
Embryology: It is the study of first eight weeks of human development.
Physiology: physiology is composed of two words physio (nature) and logy (study of). Physiology is the
science of body functions i.e. how the body parts work.
Subdivisions of physiology:
Respiratory physiology: It is the study of functioning of lungs and air passageways.
Renal physiology: It is the study of functioning of the kidneys.
Immunology: It is the study of defense mechanism of body against disease-causing agents.
Exercise physiology: It is the study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of exercise.
Neurophysiology: It is the study of functioning of the nervous system.
Pathophysiology: It is the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Cardiovascular physiology: It is the study of functioning of heart and blood vessels.
Endocrinology: It is the study of hormones and how they control body functions.
SCOPE:
Scope of anatomy and physiology includes study of various organs and systems of human body.
1. Integumentary System: Study of Skin and structures associated with it, such as hair, nails, sweat
glands and oil glands.
2. Skeletal System: Study of bones and joints.
3. Muscular System: Study of muscles.
4. Nervous System: Study of brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs like eyes and ears.
5. Endocrine System: Study of hormone-producing glands cells.
6. Cardiovascular System: Study of blood, heart and blood vessels.
7. Digestive System: Study of organs of gastrointestinal tract, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, anus and accessory organs salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
8. Urinary System: Study of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
9. Lymphatic System: Study of Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels including spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes and tonsils.
10. Respiratory System: Study of pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe) and lungs.
11. Reproductive Systems: Study of testes, ovaries and associated organs.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
, MODERN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INDORE
(NBA Accredited UG Course)
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
The vital processes of human body are controlled and maintained by different levels of structural
organizations. These levels of structural organizations show an increase in structural complexity and
function.There are six fundamental levels of organizations:
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organism level
Levels of structural organizations of human body
Chemical Level:
It is the most basic level of organization. It includes atoms; the smallest unit of matter that participates in
chemical reactions. Two or more atoms join together to form molecules. Certain atoms like, carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca+) and sulfur (S) are crucial for
maintaining life.
Cellular Level:
The cell constitute of most basic structural and functional unit of human body. The different molecules
combine together to form cells. Human body contains muscle cells, nerve cells and epithelial cells. Each
cell varies greatly in structure and function. Each type of cell performs a specific task.
TheProfessor,
Ankur Joshi, Associate PioneerModern
Pharmacy
InstituteInstitute of Punjab
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore
